Sociodemographic Characteristics (N = 2520).

<p><i>Notes</i>. Calculation of % from valid cases (n).</p

Subscale Scores and Global Scores of the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire Across the Age Range (N = 2520).

<p><i>Notes</i>. Scores ranging from 0 = <i>feature was absent</i> to 6 = <i>feature was present every day</i> or <i>to an extreme degree</i>. Higher values indicate greater psychopathology. Post-hoc analyses women: Restraint (RS), Weight Concern (WC), Shape Concern (SC), Global Score (GS) ages ≥75 lower than all other ages; Eating Concern (EC) age ≥75 lower than age ≤24 and 35–44, and age 65–74 lower than age ≤24; WC and GS age 65–74 lower than age ≤24 (all p<.01). Post-hoc analyses men: WC, SC, and GS age 55–64 greater than age ≤24, 25–34, and ≥75 (all p<.01).</p

Key Behavioral Features of the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (N = 2520).

a<p>Driven exercising was defined as compulsive exercising for controlling shape, weight, or amount of fat, or burning off calories.</p>b<p>Extreme dietary restriction was determined through the item Avoidance of Eating assessing days without eating anything in order to influence shape or weight, coded ≥1 (i.e., ≥1 day over the past 28 days) for determining any occurrence, or coded ≥3 (i.e., >12 days over the past 28 days) for determining regular occurrence.</p><p>*p<.01.</p

Associations of parental variables (BMI, smoking, SES, migrant status) with health behaviors adjusted for SDQ-HI, age, and sex.

<p>All parental variables were entered together. Partial eta² values for significant independent associations are listed (with negative associations in italic style).</p>§<p>N is calculated after weighting and therefore exceeds the number of participants.</p>*<p>P<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.</p>$<p>only available n 11–16 years old participants.</p

Associations of SDQ-HI scores with health behaviors adjusted for the potential parental confounders (migrant status, parental BMI, SES, and smoking), age, sex, as well as the other SDQ-subscales.

§<p>N is calculated after weighting and therefore exceeds the number of participants.</p>$<p>only available in 11–16 years old participants only.</p

Description of the health behaviors.

§<p>N is calculated after weighting and therefore exceeds the number of participants.</p>$<p>only available n 11–16 years old participants.</p><p>P25 = 25^th percentile; P75 = 75^th percentile.</p

Associations of SDQ-HI scores with health behaviors adjusted for age and sex only.

§<p>N is calculated after weighting and therefore exceeds the number of participants.</p>$<p>only available n 11–16 years old participants.</p

Means, standard deviations and Cronbach’s α for DEBQ subscales in the total sample and across gender, age and BMI-status.

<p>Means, standard deviations and Cronbach’s α for DEBQ subscales in the total sample and across gender, age and BMI-status.</p

The German Version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties, Measurement Invariance, and Population-Based Norms

<div><p>The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire is an internationally widely used instrument assessing different eating styles that may contribute to weight gain and overweight: emotional eating, external eating, and restraint. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the 30-item German version of the DEBQ including its measurement invariance across gender, age, and BMI-status in a representative German population sample. Furthermore, we examined the distribution of eating styles in the general population and provide population-based norms for DEBQ scales. A representative sample of the German general population (N = 2513, age ≥ 14 years) was assessed with the German version of the DEBQ along with information on sociodemographic characteristics and body weight and height. The German version of the DEQB demonstrates good item characteristics and reliability (restraint: α = .92, emotional eating: α = .94, external eating: α = .89). The 3-factor structure of the DEBQ could be replicated in exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and results of multi-group confirmatory factor analyses supported its metric and scalar measurement invariance across gender, age, and BMI-status. External eating was the most prevalent eating style in the German general population. Women scored higher on emotional and restrained eating scales than men, and overweight individuals scored higher in all three eating styles compared to normal weight individuals. Small differences across age were found for external eating. Norms were provided according to gender, age, and BMI-status. Our findings suggest that the German version of the DEBQ has good reliability and construct validity, and is suitable to reliably measure eating styles across age, gender, and BMI-status. Furthermore, the results demonstrate a considerable variation of eating styles across gender and BMI-status.</p></div

Factor loadings for the 1 factor solution of the total sample and of the male and female participants separately.

<p>Factor loadings for the 1 factor solution of the total sample and of the male and female participants separately.</p