OBLIICI KREDITIRANJA I FINANCIRANJA MIKRO, MALIH I SREDNJIH PODUZETNIKA U POLJOPRIVREDI

Financijski instrumenti u poljoprivredi važna su kategorija za njen opstanak i daljnji razvoj. Kako poljoprivreda ima svoja obilježja i specifičnosti, u takvo okruženje treba uklopiti financijske instrumente koji će svojim djelovanjem pomoći i unaprijediti ovu gospodarsku djelatnost. Financijski će instrument ostvariti svoju svrhu ako u svakoj fazi poljoprivredne proizvodnje od sjemena do uroda može unaprijediti proizvodnju. Ovo je istraživanju bio cilj utvrditi koji su sve instrumenti financiranja dostupni na tržištu za poljoprivredu. Da li ti instrumenti zadovoljavaju i pokreću napredak poljoprivrede. Poljoprivredu čine i institucije koje je oblikuju, zakonski reguliraju i spajaju s financijskim instrumentima ili ukomponiraju u njen razvoj. Poduzetnici iz sektora MSP-a glavni su sudionici provedbe poljoprivrede djelatnosti u kojoj proizvode i koriste njene resurse i susreću se s različitim problemima. Poduzetnicima u njihovoj proizvodnji i potrebama za unapređenje i razvoj pomažu na tržištu osmišljeni i ponuđeni različiti oblici financiranja. Instrumenti financiranja aktualna su rješenja koje nude banke i financijske institucije za financiranje kratkoročnih ili dugoročnih investicija malim i srednjim poduzetnicima. Cilj je pružiti podršku poduzetniku i posredno doprinijeti održivom razvoju i uravnoteženom gospodarskom rastu. Programi kreditiranja pokrivaju javni i privatni sektor, a sredstva za kredite su iz EU fondova ili kreditna sredstva samih banka i financijskih institucija. Temeljem projekta kojeg prezentira poduzetnik pronalaze se modeli financiranja. Ponuđena su mnoga rješenja financiranja poljoprivrede. Povijesnim prikazom iznesene su promjene i razvoj novih financijskih instrumenta. Najopsežniji je prikaz pojave i razvitka financijskih instrumenta ulaskom RH u Europsku Uniju. Pojavljuju se instrumenti financiranja koji su prilagođeni i usklađeni zacrtanom zajedničkom politikom EU-a i njenih članica, Jasno je da poljoprivreda kao gospodarska djelatnost i dalje zavisiti o financijskim instrumente za svoju održivost i razvoj

OBLIICI KREDITIRANJA I FINANCIRANJA MIKRO, MALIH I SREDNJIH PODUZETNIKA U POLJOPRIVREDI

Financijski instrumenti u poljoprivredi važna su kategorija za njen opstanak i daljnji razvoj. Kako poljoprivreda ima svoja obilježja i specifičnosti, u takvo okruženje treba uklopiti financijske instrumente koji će svojim djelovanjem pomoći i unaprijediti ovu gospodarsku djelatnost. Financijski će instrument ostvariti svoju svrhu ako u svakoj fazi poljoprivredne proizvodnje od sjemena do uroda može unaprijediti proizvodnju. Ovo je istraživanju bio cilj utvrditi koji su sve instrumenti financiranja dostupni na tržištu za poljoprivredu. Da li ti instrumenti zadovoljavaju i pokreću napredak poljoprivrede. Poljoprivredu čine i institucije koje je oblikuju, zakonski reguliraju i spajaju s financijskim instrumentima ili ukomponiraju u njen razvoj. Poduzetnici iz sektora MSP-a glavni su sudionici provedbe poljoprivrede djelatnosti u kojoj proizvode i koriste njene resurse i susreću se s različitim problemima. Poduzetnicima u njihovoj proizvodnji i potrebama za unapređenje i razvoj pomažu na tržištu osmišljeni i ponuđeni različiti oblici financiranja. Instrumenti financiranja aktualna su rješenja koje nude banke i financijske institucije za financiranje kratkoročnih ili dugoročnih investicija malim i srednjim poduzetnicima. Cilj je pružiti podršku poduzetniku i posredno doprinijeti održivom razvoju i uravnoteženom gospodarskom rastu. Programi kreditiranja pokrivaju javni i privatni sektor, a sredstva za kredite su iz EU fondova ili kreditna sredstva samih banka i financijskih institucija. Temeljem projekta kojeg prezentira poduzetnik pronalaze se modeli financiranja. Ponuđena su mnoga rješenja financiranja poljoprivrede. Povijesnim prikazom iznesene su promjene i razvoj novih financijskih instrumenta. Najopsežniji je prikaz pojave i razvitka financijskih instrumenta ulaskom RH u Europsku Uniju. Pojavljuju se instrumenti financiranja koji su prilagođeni i usklađeni zacrtanom zajedničkom politikom EU-a i njenih članica, Jasno je da poljoprivreda kao gospodarska djelatnost i dalje zavisiti o financijskim instrumente za svoju održivost i razvoj

Flow Dynamics of Bilateral Superior Cavopulomonary Shunts Influence Outcomes After Fontan Completion

Bilateral superior vena cava (SVC), which occurs following bilateral bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt (BCPS), is an anomaly marked by unique hemodynamics. This study aimed to determine its effects on outcomes after Fontan completion. Among 405 patients who underwent BCPS and total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) between 1997 and 2017, 40 required a bilateral-BCPS. The dominant SVC prior to TCPC was identified according to the direction of blood flow in the central pulmonary artery, and its relationship to the inferior vena cava (IVC) was classified as a concordant or discordant relationship. Preoperative factors were analyzed to identify the risk factors for specific adverse outcomes. The length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay after TCPC was longer in the 40 patients who underwent bilateral-BCPS than in those who underwent unilateral BCPS (p = 0.024), and the survival rate was lower in the former group than in the latter group (p = 0.004). In the patients who underwent bilateral-BCPS, the dominant SVC was concordant with the IVC in 30 patients and discordant in 10 patients. With regard to whether certain morphological, hemodynamic, and flow dynamics-related variables were risk factors for adverse outcomes following TCPC, a discordant relationship between dominant SVC and IVC was identified as an independent risk factor for both a longer ICU stay (p = 0.037, HR 2.370) and worse survival (p = 0.019, HR 13.880). Therefore, in patients with a bilateral SVC who have previously undergone bilateral-BCPS, a discordant relationship between dominant SVC and IVC might contribute to worse outcomes following TCPC

Clinical and haemodynamic variables associated with intensive care unit length of stay and early adverse outcomes after the Norwood procedure

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to determine the clinical and haemodynamic variables associated with early adverse outcomes after the neonatal Norwood procedure. METHODS: Patients who underwent the neonatal Norwood procedure between 2001 and 2019 were included. The patient diagnosis, morphological characteristics and haemodynamic parameters were analysed to identify factors associated with length of stay (LOS) in the intensive care unit (ICU) and mortality during the stay. RESULTS: A total of 322 patients were depicted. The median age and weight at the Norwood procedure were 9 days and 3.2 kg, respectively. Certain morphological and preoperative parameters, such as birth weight below 2.5 kg, restrictive atrial septal defect, extracardiac anomalies and the diameter of the ascending aorta, were found to be associated with the LOS in the ICU. Analysis using early postoperative haemodynamic variables revealed that systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, serum lactate levels and reduced ventricular function at 2 days postoperatively were associated with the LOS in the ICU. Birth weight <2.5 kg (P = 0.010), a restrictive atrial septal defect (P = 0.001) and smaller ascending aorta (P = 0.039) were associated with death in the ICU. Reduced ventricular function, lower systolic aortic pressure and higher lactate levels at various time points (P < 0.05) were also associated with ICU deaths. The LOS in the ICU was significantly associated with late mortality (P < 0.001, Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.015). CONCLUSIONS: The LOS in the ICU after the Norwood procedure was predicted by early postoperative haemodynamic variables, suggesting that good early postoperative haemodynamics determine early recovery. A prolonged stay in the ICU after the Norwood procedure was associated with late mortality

Data_Sheet_1_Pleural and mediastinal effusions after the extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection: Risk factors and impact on outcome.docx

BackgroundThis study investigated the volume and duration of pleural and mediastinal effusions following extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection, as well as preoperative risk factors and their impact on outcome.Materials and methodsA total of 210 patients who underwent extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection at our center between 2012 and 2020 were included in this study. Postoperative daily amount of pleural and mediastinal drainage were collected and factors influencing duration and amount of effusions were analyzed. The impact of effusions on adverse events was analyzed.ResultsMedian age at extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection was 2.2 (interquartile range, 1.8–2.7) years with median weight of 11.6 (10.7–13.0) kg. Overall duration of drainage after extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection was 9 (6–17) days. The total volume of mediastinal, right pleural, and left pleural drainage was 18.8 (11.9–36.7), 64.4 (27.4–125.9), and 13.6 (0.0–53.5) mL/kg, respectively. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (p = 0.004) and end-diastolic pressure (p = 0.044) were associated with high volume of drainages, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (p = 0.007), presence of aortopulmonary collaterals (p = 0.002), and high end-diastolic pressure (p = 0.023) were associated with long duration of drainages. Dextrocardia was associated with higher volume (p ConclusionVolume and duration of pleural and mediastinal effusions following extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection were related with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, aortopulmonary collaterals, and end-diastolic pressure. The duration of drainage for effusions was a risk factor for adverse events after total cavopulmonary connection.</p

Image_2_Pleural and mediastinal effusions after the extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection: Risk factors and impact on outcome.JPEG

BackgroundThis study investigated the volume and duration of pleural and mediastinal effusions following extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection, as well as preoperative risk factors and their impact on outcome.Materials and methodsA total of 210 patients who underwent extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection at our center between 2012 and 2020 were included in this study. Postoperative daily amount of pleural and mediastinal drainage were collected and factors influencing duration and amount of effusions were analyzed. The impact of effusions on adverse events was analyzed.ResultsMedian age at extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection was 2.2 (interquartile range, 1.8–2.7) years with median weight of 11.6 (10.7–13.0) kg. Overall duration of drainage after extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection was 9 (6–17) days. The total volume of mediastinal, right pleural, and left pleural drainage was 18.8 (11.9–36.7), 64.4 (27.4–125.9), and 13.6 (0.0–53.5) mL/kg, respectively. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (p = 0.004) and end-diastolic pressure (p = 0.044) were associated with high volume of drainages, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (p = 0.007), presence of aortopulmonary collaterals (p = 0.002), and high end-diastolic pressure (p = 0.023) were associated with long duration of drainages. Dextrocardia was associated with higher volume (p ConclusionVolume and duration of pleural and mediastinal effusions following extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection were related with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, aortopulmonary collaterals, and end-diastolic pressure. The duration of drainage for effusions was a risk factor for adverse events after total cavopulmonary connection.</p