16 research outputs found
Quantifier les usages de l'eau en territoire touristique de montagne
Les rĂ©gions touristiques de montagne peuvent vivrent des Ă©pisodes de pĂ©nurie en eau sur des temps trĂšs courts (dâun jour Ă une semaine) en raison des fortes variations de la population temporaire durant les saisons touristiques, combinĂ©es aux ressources en eau limitĂ©es des hauts bassins versants. Puisque les bilans intĂ©grĂ©s de lâeau effectuĂ©s dans la littĂ©rature font face Ă un manque de donnĂ©es pour le volet âusagesâ, cette thĂšse a pour but dâapprofondir les connaissances et les mĂ©thodes de quantifica- tion des usages de lâeau. Une clarification terminologique des termes liĂ©s aux usages de lâeau, est tout dâabord proposĂ©e, autour du concept de cycle dâusage de lâeau. Ensuite, une combinaison dâapproches a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e pour Ă©tudier le cas particuler des usages en territoire de montagne, oĂč les demandes en eau sont trĂšs variables en temps (influence de lâoccupation touristique sur les usages de lâeau potable, saisonnalitĂ©s propres Ă lâirrigation) et en espace (occupation du sol en fonction de lâaltitude, topogra- phie, densitĂ©s dâhabitat). Dâune part, des approches quantitatives sont menĂ©es, avec une campagne de monitoring des usages de lâeau potable et de lâirrigation dans les communes de Montana (Valais) et MegĂšve (Haute-Savoie), via lâinstallation de compteurs dâeau, dataloggers et dĂ©bitmĂštres. Ce monito- ring a permis dâobtenir des observations des usages Ă haute rĂ©solution temporelle et spatiale. Dâautre part, des approches qualitatives (observation directe sur le terrain et entretiens avec les acteurs usa- gers de lâeau) ont permis dâapprofondir les connaissances sur les pratiques dâusages et en particulier les dĂ©terminants de la demande en eau dâirrigation. Des outils ont Ă©tĂ© developpĂ©s pour structurer les donnĂ©es dâusage rĂ©coltĂ©es : le bassin dâusage cartographie leur rĂ©partition spatiale, le rĂ©gime dâusage for- malise leurs dynamiques temporelles via des sĂ©ries de donnĂ©es standardisĂ©es et la densitĂ© dâusage dĂ©crit leur intensitĂ© par rapport Ă leur emprise au sol. Une mĂ©thodologie simplifiĂ©e est Ă©galement proposĂ©e pour modĂ©liser les dynamiques de distribution dâeau potable dâun territoire Ă partir dâune typologie de rĂ©gimes dâapports et des caractĂ©ristiques dâhabitat. Les rĂ©gimes et bassins dâusage dĂ©finis Ă Mon- tana et MegĂšve ont mis en Ă©vidence des diffĂ©rences de saisonnalitĂ© Ă une Ă©chelle plus fine que les Ă©tudes prĂ©cĂ©dentes : Ă lâĂ©chelle intra-communale (par bassin dâhabitation, par type dâhabitat), jusquâĂ lâĂ©chelle de lâusager. Lâimportante saisonnalitĂ© des usages de lâeau dans la station touristique a ainsi pu ĂȘtre dĂ©taillĂ©e et quantifiĂ©e. Lâatout des rĂ©gimes dâusage est aussi de pouvoir standardiser les valeurs de demande en eau afin de comparer les dynamiques temporelle dâusages diffĂ©rents sur un mĂȘme gra- phique. Ainsi, il est possible dâidentifier les pics dâusage Ă courte Ă©chelle temporelle, qui ne peuvent pas ĂȘtre identifiĂ©s avec des mĂ©thodes Ă pas de temps plus grossier. Il est important de dĂ©tailler ces rĂ©- gimes dâusage car les pĂ©nuries se produisant en zone touristique sont gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es par des pics dâusage Ă des Ă©chelles de temps trĂšs courtes (jour, weekend, semaine). Par ailleurs, le calcul des densitĂ©s dâusage a mis en Ă©vidence lâimportante empreinte spatiale de lâarrosage des jardins Ă Montana. LâĂ©tude des pratiques dâirrigation a permis dâidentifier les facteurs de dĂ©cision dâarrosage des acteurs irrigants et leurs modes de fonctionnement. La connaissance de ces pratique a ensuite servi Ă affiner les mĂ©thodes empiriques dâestimation de lâirrigation. Ensuite, une Ă©tude comparative a mis en Ă©vidence les Ă©carts existant entre lâestimation de lâirrigation et lâirrigation effective, observĂ©e durant les campagnes de monitoring. Dans le cas de Montana, les mĂ©thodes dâestimations utilisĂ©es dans les bilans intĂ©grĂ©s de lâeau surestiment jusquâĂ un facteur 10 les distributions rĂ©elles dâirrigation. Enfin, suite Ă lâexpĂ©rience acquise lors de la mise en place des campagnes de mesure Ă Montana et MegĂšve, des recommandations sont formulĂ©es pour le monitoring des usages de lâeau en territoire touristique de montagne.
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Mountain tourist areas may experience periods of water shortage (1 day to 1 week) due to large variations in the temporary population during the tourist seasons, combined with the limited water resources of the upper watersheds. Since the integrated water balances carried out in current research face a lack of data for the âusesâ section, this thesis aims to deepen knowledge and methods for quan- tifying the uses of water. A terminological clarification of the terms related to the uses of water is first proposed, around the concept of water use cycle. Then, a combination of approaches was used to study the particular uses in mountain territory, where the water demands are highly variable in time (influ- ence of the tourist occupation on the uses of drinking water, irrigation seasons) and in space (land use according to the altitude, topography, habitat densities). On the one hand, quantitative approaches are chosen, with a monitoring campaign of the uses of drinking water and irrigation in the municipalities of Montana (Valais) and MegĂšve (Haute-Savoie), with the installation of water meters, dataloggers and flowmeters. This monitoring gathered observations of water uses with high temporal and spatial res- olution. On the other hand, qualitative approaches (direct observation in the field and interviews with the water users) deepend the knowledge on the practices of uses and in particular the determinants of the water demand for irrigation. Tools have been developed to structure the collected water use data: the water use basin maps their spatial distribution, the water use regime formalizes their temporal dynamics via standardized data sets and the water use density describes their intensity relative to their spatial footprint. A simplified methodology is also proposed to model the drinking water distribution dynamics of a territory based on a typology of water delivery regimes and habitat characteristics. The regimes and basins defined in Montana and MegĂšve highlighted water use seasonality on a finer scale than previous studies: at the intra-municipal scale (by watershed, by type of habitat), up to the use scaler. The important seasonality of the water uses in the tourist resorts could thus be detailed and quantified. The advantage of water use regimes is also to be able to standardize the water demand values in order to compare the temporal dynamics of different uses on the same graph. Thus, it is pos- sible to identify short time-scale usage peaks, which can not be identified with coarser scaled methods. It is important to detail these water use regimes because the shortages occurring in tourist areas are generated by peaks of use at very short time scales (day, weekend, week). In addition, the calculation of water use density underlined the important spatial footprint of garden watering in Montana. The study of irrigation practices has highlighted the decision-making factors of irrigants and their modes of operation. The knowledge of these practices allowed to refine the empirical methods irrigation esti- mation. Then, a comparative study highlighted the deviations between the estimation of irrigation and the actual irrigation observed during the monitoring campaigns. In the case of Montana, the estimation methods used in the integrated water balance models overestimate the actual irrigation distributions by a factor of 10. Finally, following the experience gained during the implementation of measurement campaigns in Montana and MegĂšve, recommendations are formulated for the monitoring of water uses in mountain tourist territory
The Analogues Method: Reproducing the Seasonality of Drinking Water Distribution in Mountain Tourist Resorts
Few of the integrated water management surveys or water offer-demand models include a description of the seasonality of demand with sufficiently fine time steps (monthly and lower). The analogues method was developed in this study with as a case study the tourist resort of MegĂšve (Haute-Savoie, France), presenting a strong seasonal variability in the demand for drinking water. The method is intended for decision-makers and urban planners, because it makes it possible to predict the seasonality of drinking water distribution in Alpine regions where data on water use is rarely available. It involves monitoring on a sample of domestic drinking water meters with a daily resolution, to identify the different demand regimes and use them as âpatternsâ to reproduce the municipal distribution signal.Analysis of the distribution of drinking water has highlighted two types of variability: high frequency (weekly) and low frequency (seasonal). The monitoring underlined the influence of the type of building and the permanence of the habitat on the drinking water distribution regimes. Finally, the analogues method is considered to be effective in reproducing the low and high frequency variability of the distribution. The size and representativeness of the user sample are the most important factors to be taken into account in its implementation
Upstream-Downstream Influence of Water Harvesting Techniques (Jessour) on Soil Water Retention in Southeast Tunisia
Weather parameters and soil moisture profiles were measured at an hourly time step during four agricultural years (September to October, from 2018â19 to 2021â22) in two Jessour (water harvesting cultivated terraces) of the same valley in Zmerten (southeastern Tunisia), characterized by an arid climate. One instrumented Jesr (singular of Jessour) was located upstream and the other one downstream. During each dry season, when crops experience water stress, the downstream Jesr had a higher available water content than the upstream one; in the downstream Jesr the soil profile moisture remained above the wilting point, whereas in the upstream soil surface, moisture levels decreased to below the wilting point. High accumulation/low intensity rains (causing saturation/excess runoff) flooded both upstream and downstream Jessour from 50 mm of cumulative rainfall, whereas high intensity/low accumulation rains (causing infiltration/excess runoff) activated the downstream Jesr from an intensity of 15.2 mm/h, and a combination of moderate intensity and moderate accumulation rains activated both Jessour from an intensity of 8 mm/h and a cumulative rainfall of 33 mm. We propose to set 50 mm of cumulative rainfall and/or 6.4 mm/h of intensity as threshold values for the activation of the Jessour system in Zmerten. However, significant soil moisture recharges can occur even without activation of the Jessour system.EEA BarilocheFil: Calianno, Martin. University of Lausanne. Institute of Geography and Sustainability and Interdisciplinary Centre for Mountain Research; SuizaFil: Calianno, Martin. Instituto Nacional de TecnologĂa Agropecuaria (INTA). EstaciĂłn Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Ben Fraj, Tarek. University of Tunis. CGMED Laboratory; TĂșnezFil: Ben Fraj, Tarek. University of Sousse. Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences; TĂșnezFil: Fallot, Jean-Michel. University of Lausanne. Institute of Geography and Sustainability and Interdisciplinary Centre for Mountain Research; SuizaFil: Abbassi, Mohamed. University of Tunis. CGMED Laboratory; TĂșnezFil: Abbassi, Mohamed. University of Sousse. Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences; TĂșnezFil: Ghram Messedi, Aziza. University of Tunis. CGMED Laboratory; TĂșnezFil: Ghram Messedi, Aziza. University of Sousse. Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences; TĂșnezFil: Ben Ouezdou, HĂ©di. University of Tunis. CGMED Laboratory; TĂșnezFil: Ben Ouezdou, HĂ©di. University of Sousse. Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences; TĂșnezFil: Reynard, Emmanuel. University of Lausanne. Institute of Geography and Sustainability and Interdisciplinary Centre for Mountain Research; Suiz
Benefits of Water-Harvesting Systems (Jessour) on Soil Water Retention in Southeast Tunisia
In this paper, we quantify the water balance of Jessour at the scale of agricultural plots. Jessour (plural of Jesr) are ancestral hydro-agricultural systems in the Dahar plateau (southeastern Tunisia). They consist of small dams built across wadis and gullies, which retain rainwater and sediments, hence enabling cropping. Despite arid climate conditions, Jessour allow the culture of the olive tree beyond its ecological limits. Weather monitoring stations were set up and soil moisture sensors installed down to a depth of 1.25 m in the soil in two neighboring gullies in the village of Zammour: one with a Jesr and one without. Laser granulometry and organic matter analyses were carried out on samples collected near the soil moisture sensors. Measurements were recorded from 28 September 2017 to 21 September 2018. From 10 to 12 November 2017, the region received 123.3 mm rainfall. The Jesr retained the equivalent of 410.3 mm of soil moisture to a depth of 1.25 m whereas the value in the gully was 224.6 mm. Throughout the summer of 2018, the soil available water capacity (AWC) remained above 55 mm in the Jesr, while it dropped to zero in the gully. Jessour are thus very suitable hydro-agricultural systems to face the climate changes concerning this fragile region, located in the transition zone between the semi-arid to arid Mediterranean region and the Sahara
Impacts des aménagements hydro-agricoles en jessour sur le bilan hydrique dans le sud-est tunisien
Des mesures mĂ©tĂ©orologiques et de la teneur en eau dans le sol Ă 8 profondeurs diffĂ©rentes ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es pendant une annĂ©e dans 2 parcelles situĂ©es au fond de 2 ravins Ă 130 m de distance, lâun est amĂ©nagĂ© en Jessour et lâautre est sans Jessour, en vue de quantifier les impacts de ces amĂ©nagements hydro-agricoles sur le bilan hydrique. Ces mesures ont montrĂ© que seuls 3 Ă©pisodes pluvieux majeurs (> 20 mm) ont entraĂźnĂ© une hausse significative de la teneur en eau dans le sol jusquâĂ au moins 125 cm de profondeur. Pour ces 3 Ă©pisodes, cette hausse a Ă©tĂ© rapide et importante jusquâĂ 125 cm dans la parcelle amĂ©nagĂ©e en Jesr, alors quâune hausse semblable nâa Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©e que pour un bref Ă©pisode pluvieux en aoĂ»t 2018 dans la parcelle sans Jesr. Pour les deux autres Ă©pisodes pluvieux plus longs survenus en novembre et dĂ©cembre 2017, la hausse de la teneur en eau dans le sol a Ă©tĂ© nettement plus lente et modeste dans la parcelle sans Jesr au-delĂ dâune profondeur de 35 cm. Les Jessour semblent avoir des effets diffĂ©rents sur le bilan hydrique dans les sols selon les saisons
La méthode des analogues : reproduire le caractÚre saisonnier de la distribution d'eau potable dans les stations touristiques de montagne
Peu dâenquĂȘtes intĂ©grĂ©es sur la gestion de lâeau ou de modĂšles offre-demande en eau incluent une description de la saisonnalitĂ© des demandes Ă pas de temps suffisamment fins (mensuels et infĂ©rieurs). La mĂ©thode des analogues est dĂ©veloppĂ©e ici avec comme cas dâĂ©tude la station touristique de MegĂšve (Haute-Savoie, France), qui prĂ©sente une forte variabilitĂ© saisonniĂšre de la demande en eau potable. La mĂ©thode est destinĂ©e aux dĂ©cideurs et aux urbanistes car elle permet de prĂ©dire la saisonnalitĂ© de la distribution en eau potable sur des territoires alpins oĂč peu de donnĂ©es dâutilisation dâeau sont disponibles. Elle passe par un monitoring des apports sur un Ă©chantillon de compteurs dâeau potable domestiques avec une rĂ©solution journaliĂšre, pour identifier les diffĂ©rents rĂ©gimes de demande et les utiliser comme « patrons » pour reproduire le signal de distribution municipale. Lâanalyse de la distribution dâeau potable a mis en Ă©vidence deux types de variabilitĂ© : de haute frĂ©quence (Ă lâĂ©chelle hebdomadaire) et de basse frĂ©quence (Ă lâĂ©chelle saisonniĂšre). Le monitoring a soulignĂ© lâinfluence du type de bĂąti et de la permanence de lâhabitat sur les rĂ©gimes de distribution dâeau potable. Enfin, la mĂ©thode des analogues sâest rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©e efficace pour reproduire la variabilitĂ© de basse et haute frĂ©quence de la distribution. La taille et la reprĂ©sentativitĂ© de lâĂ©chantillon dâutilisateurs sont les facteurs les plus importants Ă prendre en compte lors de sa mise en Ćuvre
Supplementing flash flood reports with impact classifications
International audienc
Quantifier les usages de l'eau : une clarification terminologique et conceptuelle pour lever les confusions
International audienceCet article met en Ă©vidence les confusions existantes relatives aux termes employĂ©s dans les travaux sur les usages de lâeau : besoins, demandes, apports, consommation, prĂ©lĂšvements. Nous proposons un cadre terminologique adaptĂ© aux enjeux de la quantification de ces termes, nĂ©cessaire au suivi de la gestion intĂ©grĂ©e des ressources en eau (GIRE). Une revue de la littĂ©rature permet dâabord dâidentifier les termes synonymes de lâusage de lâeau et leurs diverses interprĂ©tations. Ensuite, une proposition de terminologie est Ă©laborĂ©e autour du concept du cycle dâusage de lâeau, dont la schĂ©matisation permet dâillustrer les particularitĂ©s de chaque terme. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que les confusions apparaissent principalement au niveau de lâusage mĂȘme de lâeau, pour lequel les termes associĂ©s (besoin, demande, apport et consommation) sont souvent mobilisĂ©s de maniĂšre imprĂ©cise, voire indiffĂ©renciĂ©e. Les nuances permettant de distinguer ces notions sont dĂ©crites via un schĂ©ma gĂ©nĂ©ral de cycle dâusage de lâeau, dont la demande est le moteur principal. Les particularitĂ©s propres Ă certains usages sont ensuite schĂ©matisĂ©es : approvisionnement en eau potable (AEP), irrigation et usages environnementaux. Cette rĂ©flexion a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e conjointement par un gĂ©ologue, un gĂ©ographe, une hydrologue et un Ă©conomiste, ce qui permet dâentretenir le dĂ©bat sur la terminologie des usages de lâeau et de proposer un essai de synthĂšse, tel un prĂ©alable nĂ©cessaire Ă toute recherche interdisciplinaire sur les « usages de lâeau »
Quantifier les usages de lâeau : une clarification terminologique et conceptuelle pour lever les confusions
This paper aims to highlight existing confusion over the terms used in assessments on water uses : needs, demands, supply, consumption, withdrawals. We suggest a terminological framework adapted to the challenges of water uses quantification, necessary to monitor integrated water resources management (IWRM). A state-of-the-art first draws an overview of synonyms of water use and their different interpretations. A proposal of consistent terminology is then provided based on the water use cycle concept, in order to illustrate the specificities of each term. Results show that confusions mainly arise at the water use stage itself, for which several different terms are used (need, demand, supply and consumption). Differences that distinguish these notions are described on a generic scheme of the water use cycle, where demand is the central notion. Features related to specific water uses are then presented through this cycle : drinking water, irrigation and environmental uses. A geologist, geographer, hydrologist and economist jointly conducted this reflection, thus feeding the debate on water usesâ terminology and synthesizing on what is meant by "water use" in an interdisciplinary manner