Diversity and distribution of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) in dry ecosystems of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany)

The present study provides a robust data set for ecological planning and conservation of dry ecosystems in western Germany in general and North Rhine-Westphalia in particular. We summarised all available data from recent publications that dealt with spiders in dry ecosystems of North Rhine-Westphalia. Additionally, so far unpublished results of a detailed investigation regarding spiders in sand habitats of the Westphalian Bay that was conducted between 2006 and 2008 are presented. The analysis focussed on the habitat types according to Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive and related habitats. The investigation areas were scattered in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The data set comprised a total of 84436 individuals from 371 species and 28 families. Overall, an endangerment status is assigned to 68 species. Of these, 12 spiders are in imminent danger of becoming extinct. Two species, Erigonoplus globipes and Meioneta simplicitarsis, are believed to be extinct in North Rhine-Westphalia. Seven species (Dictyna major, Mastigusa arietina, Micaria formicaria, Styloctetor romanus, Thanatus striatus, Theridion uhligi and Xysticus ferrugineus) are new to the arachnofauna of North Rhine-Westphalia

Investigations on the production of 52gMn and 147,149Gd for authentic labelling of MR contrast agents

Addressing the quantitation problem of contrast enhancing MRI compounds based ongadolinium (III) and manganese (II), the production of suitable radionuclides as well asactivation and the authentic radiolabelling of MR contrast agents were examined.The existing cross section data of the $^{nat}$Eu(d,x)$^{147,149}$Gd and $^{nat}$Eu(p,x)$^{147,149}$Gd reactions were expanded up to 70.9 MeV and 44.8 MeV, respectively. The integral production rates of the $^{nat}$Eu(d,x)$^{147}$Gd and $^{nat}$Eu(p,x)$^{147}$Gd reactions were 177.3 ± 19.7 and 43.3 ± 4.4 MBq/$\mu$Ah while the integral production rates of the $^{nat}$Eu(d,x)$^{149}$Gd and $^{nat}$Eu(p,x)$^{149}$Gd reactions amounted to 81.6 ± 8.5 and 61.8 ± 4.9 MBq/$\mu$Ah, respectively. The formation of longer-lived radioisotopic impurities ($^{146,151,153}$Gd) was below 7 %, but the use of enriched Eu target material was found to be necessary for a radionuclidically pure production of either $^{147}$Gd or $^{149}$Gd. Since the production rates are higher than for the earlier proposed irradiation of highly enriched $^{144,147}$Sm with $\alpha$- or $^{3}$He-particles, Eu is an interesting alternative for the production of $^{147,149}$Gd. In addition to the measurement of nuclear data, a new radiochemical separation of the bulk target material Eu and n.c.a. *Gd based on an extraction of Eu into Na-Hg amalgam was successfully developed. In a proof of principle synthesis, the obtained *Gd was complexed with the ligand DOTA and an adequate stability of the complex confirmed over 6 d in Human Blood Serum (HBS). In a comparison by $\textit{in}$ and $\textit{ex vivo}$ MR and autoradiographic measurements of the commercial Gd-DOTA complex, DOTArem$^{TM}$, and the synthesised radioactive complex on tumour bearing rats a rather similar accumulation in the tumour tissue and surrounding striatum was found. Furthermore, production yields of the proton induced nuclear reactions on $^{nat}$Cr leading to $^{52g}$Mn, $^{52m}$Mn and $^{51}$Cr were measured in the energy range from 8.2 to 16.9 MeV and saturation thick target yields calculated as 2.6 ± 0.3, 7.0 ± 0.6 and 1.5 ± 0.2 GBq/$\mu$A, respectively. A new chromatographic separation method was developed which yielded 99.5 % of pure $^{52g}$Mn in 2 mL of 3M hydrochloric acid solution. Thereby, n.c.a. $^{52g}$Mn can be provided more efficiently for the isotopic labelling of MR contrast agents. The radioactive nanoparticle precursor Mn(acac)$_{2}$ was synthesised with a radiochemical yield of 73.9 ± 5.0 %. Additionally, activation studies with protons and neutrons were performed with commercially available water-dispersible Mn$_{3}$O$_{4}$ nanoparticles. The activated nanoparticles were characterised with DLS and TEM. No change between the initial and irradiated nanoparticleswas found with neutron activation. A broader size distribution and the scattered appearance of bigger crystals were observed in the proton irradiated samples caused by partial melting and recrystallization of the samples during irradiation. Leaching experiments of the neutron activated particles in H$_{2}$O and PBS resulted in 0.033 ± 0.005 % of released Mn after a 15 h incubation time indicating a high stability of the compound

Building with climate envelopes

Printversion unter ISBN 978-3-7983-2648-4 erschienenWürden Sie ein Fenster trotz chaotischer Bedingungen außerhalb des Gebäudes wirklich gerne öffnen? Exzessiver Lärm, schlechte Wetterbedingungen, dreckige bis stinkende Luft, unbefriedigende optische Eindrück... Nicht überall, wo unter angenehmen klimatischen Bedingungen die Fenster geöffnet werden könnten, ist es empfehlenswert dies auch zu tun. Eine Klimahülle ist zwar kein Wundermittel, mit der sich immer eine schöne Aussicht oder ein optimales Wunschklima erschaffen lässt, jedoch bietet sie Schutz gegen extreme Klimabedingungen und Lärm in der Umgebung und schafft, unter der Voraussetzung einer entsprechenden architektonischen Gestaltung, eine angenehme Oase der Ruhe und der frischen Luft.Would you really want to open a window to chaotic conditions outside the building? Excessive noise, bad weather conditions, dirty or even noisome air, unpleasant visual impressions... opening a window is not always to be recommended even in places where it may possible in agreeable climatic conditions. A climate envelope cannot work miracles, it cannot create a beautiful view or the perfect climate, but it offers protection against extreme climatic conditions and noise in the proximity and, assuming an appropriate architectural design, creates a pleasant oasis of peace and fresh air

On The KMS Condition for the critical Ising model

Using the KMS condition and exchange algebras we discuss the monodromy and modular properties of two-point KMS states of the critical Ising model.Comment: 8 pages, TcilaTe

The Physical Propagator of a Slowly Moving Charge

We consider an electron which is electromagnetically dressed in such a way that it is both gauge invariant and that it has the associated electric and magnetic fields expected of a moving charge. We study the propagator of this dressed electron and, for small velocities, show explicitly at one loop that at the natural (on-shell) renormalisation point, $p_0=m$, ${\bold p}= m{\bold v}$, one can renormalise the propagator multiplicatively. Furthermore the renormalisation constants are infra-red finite. This shows that the dressing we use corresponds to a slowly moving, physical asymptotic field.Comment: 10 pages, plain TeX, 1 Figure (uuencoded needs epsfig.sty

The Colour of Quarks

It is shown that colour can only be defined on gauge invariant states. Since the ability to associate colour with constituent quarks is an integral part of the constituent quark model, this means that, if we want to extract constituent quarks from QCD, we need to dress Lagrangian quarks with gluons so that the result is gauge invariant. We further prove that gauge fixings can be used to construct such dressings. Gauge invariant dressed quark states are presented and a direct approach to the interquark potential is discussed. Some further aspects of dressing quarks are briefly discussed.Comment: Extended version, to appear in Phys. Lett B., 7 pages, Te

Super-KMS functionals for graded-local conformal nets

Motivated by a few preceding papers and a question of R. Longo, we introduce super-KMS functionals for graded translation-covariant nets over R with superderivations, roughly speaking as a certain supersymmetric modification of classical KMS states on translation-covariant nets over R, fundamental objects in chiral algebraic quantum field theory. Although we are able to make a few statements concerning their general structure, most properties will be studied in the setting of specific graded-local (super-) conformal models. In particular, we provide a constructive existence and partial uniqueness proof of super-KMS functionals for the supersymmetric free field, for certain subnets, and for the super-Virasoro net with central charge c>= 3/2. Moreover, as a separate result, we classify bounded super-KMS functionals for graded-local conformal nets over S^1 with respect to rotations.Comment: 30 pages, revised version (to appear in Ann. H. Poincare