Contribution à l'étude de paramètres influençant les propriétés mécaniques de fibres élémentaires de lin : Corrélation avec les propriétés de matériaux composites

This research study has been carried out during a CIFRE joint project between the Van Robaeys Frères Company, UBS and IFREMER. The work aims to improve understanding of the properties of both flax fibres and composite materials reinforced with flax.First, the influence of the degree of retting of flax fibers on the tensile properties of single fibers and short fiber/polypropylene composites has been shown.Then, the properties of scutched flax and flax tow were compared. We have shown that it is possible to reach similar tensile properties for unidirectional composite materials manufactured from the two products.Moreover, the influence of three different flax nonwoven reinforcements on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic matrix composites was studied. These materials were found to show anisotropy of tensile properties.Finally, the mechanical properties of the flax fibres processed by the Van Robaeys Frères Company were examined. A straightforward relationship was found between the tensile properties of the fibres and the tensile properties of unidirectional composite materials. The relationship is more complex for short fibre injected composites.Ces travaux de doctorat ont été menés dans le cadre d'un contrat CIFRE entre l'entreprise Van Robaeys Frères, l'UBS et l'IFREMER. Les travaux visent à mieux comprendre certains paramètres influençant les propriétés de fibres de lin et celles de matériaux composites. Nous avons tout d'abord mis en évidence l'influence du degré de rouissage du lin sur les propriétés mécaniques des fibres de lin et celles de matériaux composites injectés lin/polypropylène. Ensuite, à l'aide d'une étude comparative, nous avons montré qu'il est possible de réaliser des matériaux composites unidirectionnels aux propriétés mécaniques très proches à partir de filasse ou d'étoupes de lin. Puis, l'influence de l'architecture de trois renforts non tissés de lin sur les propriétés mécaniques de composites à matrice thermoplastique a été soulignée. L'anisotropie des propriétés mécaniques de ces matériaux a été mise en évidence. Enfin, la connaissance des propriétés mécaniques de fibres de lin produites par l'entreprise Van Robaeys Frères a été approfondie. On note une relation directe entre les propriétés mécaniques des fibres et celles de composites à renfort unidirectionnel. La relation est plus complexe dans le cas de composites injectés à fibres courtes

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Contribution à l'étude de paramètres influençant les propriétés mécaniques de fibres élémentaires de lin : Corrélation avec les propriétés de matériaux composites

This research study has been carried out during a CIFRE joint project between the Van Robaeys Frères Company, UBS and IFREMER. The work aims to improve understanding of the properties of both flax fibres and composite materials reinforced with flax.First, the influence of the degree of retting of flax fibers on the tensile properties of single fibers and short fiber/polypropylene composites has been shown.Then, the properties of scutched flax and flax tow were compared. We have shown that it is possible to reach similar tensile properties for unidirectional composite materials manufactured from the two products.Moreover, the influence of three different flax nonwoven reinforcements on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic matrix composites was studied. These materials were found to show anisotropy of tensile properties.Finally, the mechanical properties of the flax fibres processed by the Van Robaeys Frères Company were examined. A straightforward relationship was found between the tensile properties of the fibres and the tensile properties of unidirectional composite materials. The relationship is more complex for short fibre injected composites.Ces travaux de doctorat ont été menés dans le cadre d'un contrat CIFRE entre l'entreprise Van Robaeys Frères, l'UBS et l'IFREMER. Les travaux visent à mieux comprendre certains paramètres influençant les propriétés de fibres de lin et celles de matériaux composites. Nous avons tout d'abord mis en évidence l'influence du degré de rouissage du lin sur les propriétés mécaniques des fibres de lin et celles de matériaux composites injectés lin/polypropylène. Ensuite, à l'aide d'une étude comparative, nous avons montré qu'il est possible de réaliser des matériaux composites unidirectionnels aux propriétés mécaniques très proches à partir de filasse ou d'étoupes de lin. Puis, l'influence de l'architecture de trois renforts non tissés de lin sur les propriétés mécaniques de composites à matrice thermoplastique a été soulignée. L'anisotropie des propriétés mécaniques de ces matériaux a été mise en évidence. Enfin, la connaissance des propriétés mécaniques de fibres de lin produites par l'entreprise Van Robaeys Frères a été approfondie. On note une relation directe entre les propriétés mécaniques des fibres et celles de composites à renfort unidirectionnel. La relation est plus complexe dans le cas de composites injectés à fibres courtes

Contribution to the study of some parameters influencing the mechanical properties of elementary flax fibers : Correlation with the properties of composite materials.

Ces travaux de doctorat ont été menés dans le cadre d'un contrat CIFRE entre l'entreprise Van Robaeys Frères, l'UBS et l'IFREMER. Les travaux visent à mieux comprendre certains paramètres influençant les propriétés de fibres de lin et celles de matériaux composites. Nous avons tout d'abord mis en évidence l'influence du degré de rouissage du lin sur les propriétés mécaniques des fibres de lin et celles de matériaux composites injectés lin/polypropylène. Ensuite, à l'aide d'une étude comparative, nous avons montré qu'il est possible de réaliser des matériaux composites unidirectionnels aux propriétés mécaniques très proches à partir de filasse ou d'étoupes de lin. Puis, l'influence de l'architecture de trois renforts non tissés de lin sur les propriétés mécaniques de composites à matrice thermoplastique a été soulignée. L'anisotropie des propriétés mécaniques de ces matériaux a été mise en évidence. Enfin, la connaissance des propriétés mécaniques de fibres de lin produites par l'entreprise Van Robaeys Frères a été approfondie. On note une relation directe entre les propriétés mécaniques des fibres et celles de composites à renfort unidirectionnel. La relation est plus complexe dans le cas de composites injectés à fibres courtes.This research study has been carried out during a CIFRE joint project between the Van Robaeys Frères Company, UBS and IFREMER. The work aims to improve understanding of the properties of both flax fibres and composite materials reinforced with flax.First, the influence of the degree of retting of flax fibers on the tensile properties of single fibers and short fiber/polypropylene composites has been shown.Then, the properties of scutched flax and flax tow were compared. We have shown that it is possible to reach similar tensile properties for unidirectional composite materials manufactured from the two products.Moreover, the influence of three different flax nonwoven reinforcements on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic matrix composites was studied. These materials were found to show anisotropy of tensile properties.Finally, the mechanical properties of the flax fibres processed by the Van Robaeys Frères Company were examined. A straightforward relationship was found between the tensile properties of the fibres and the tensile properties of unidirectional composite materials. The relationship is more complex for short fibre injected composites

Habiter le Grand Paris ! Ou? Quand? Comment?

Face à ces questions sensibles pour l’avenir du Grand Paris, les 15 équipes pluridisciplinaires, d’architectes, d’urbanistes et de chercheurs qui composent le Conseil scientifique de l’Atelier International du Grand Paris, présentent les résultats de leur recherches, leurs analyses et leurs propositions. Ces réflexions, qui donneront lieu à la parution d’un livre, constituent autant d’éclairages pour répondre aux enjeux métropolitains et aux défis quantitatifs et qualitatifs de l’évolution du logement et des modes d’habiter dans le Grand Paris. > du 1er au 7 juillet : Une exposition organisée autour de films courts réalisés par les quinze équipes de l’AIGPainsi qu’autour de parcours de trois photographes de l’agence Magnum dans le Grand Paris : Patrick Zachmann, Marc Power et Olivia Arthur. • La restitution d’ateliers participatifs organisés par des équipes de l’AIGP sur des territoires du Grand Paris

Results of the first performance tests of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter

CMS ECALPerformance tests of some aspects of the CMS ECAL were carried out on modules of the "barrel" sub-system in 2002 and 2003. A brief test with high energy electron beams was made in late 2003 to validate prototypes of the new Very Front End electronics. The final versions of the monitoring and cooling systems, and of the high and low voltage regulation were used in these tests. The results are consistent with the performance targets including those for noise and overall energy resolution, required to fulfil the physics programme of CMS at the LHC

Implementation of Recommendations on the Use of Corticosteroids in Severe COVID-19

Importance: Research diversity and representativeness are paramount in building trust, generating valid biomedical knowledge, and possibly in implementing clinical guidelines. Objectives: To compare variations over time and across World Health Organization (WHO) geographic regions of corticosteroid use for treatment of severe COVID-19; secondary objectives were to evaluate the association between the timing of publication of the RECOVERY (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy) trial (June 2020) and the WHO guidelines for corticosteroids (September 2020) and the temporal trends observed in corticosteroid use by region and to describe the geographic distribution of the recruitment in clinical trials that informed the WHO recommendation. Design, setting, and participants: This prospective cohort study of 434 851 patients was conducted between January 31, 2020, and September 2, 2022, in 63 countries worldwide. The data were collected under the auspices of the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC)-WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol for Severe Emerging Infections. Analyses were restricted to patients hospitalized for severe COVID-19 (a subset of the ISARIC data set). Exposure: Corticosteroid use as reported to the ISARIC-WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol for Severe Emerging Infections. Main outcomes and measures: Number and percentage of patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 who received corticosteroids by time period and by WHO geographic region. Results: Among 434 851 patients with confirmed severe or critical COVID-19 for whom receipt of corticosteroids could be ascertained (median [IQR] age, 61.0 [48.0-74.0] years; 53.0% male), 174 307 (40.1%) received corticosteroids during the study period. Of the participants in clinical trials that informed the guideline, 91.6% were recruited from the United Kingdom. In all regions, corticosteroid use for severe COVID-19 increased, but this increase corresponded to the timing of the RECOVERY trial (time-interruption coefficient 1.0 [95% CI, 0.9-1.2]) and WHO guideline (time-interruption coefficient 1.9 [95% CI, 1.7-2.0]) publications only in Europe. At the end of the study period, corticosteroid use for treatment of severe COVID-19 was highest in the Americas (5421 of 6095 [88.9%]; 95% CI, 87.7-90.2) and lowest in Africa (31 588 of 185 191 [17.1%]; 95% CI, 16.8-17.3). Conclusions and relevance: The results of this cohort study showed that implementation of the guidelines for use of corticosteroids in the treatment of severe COVID-19 varied geographically. Uptake of corticosteroid treatment was lower in regions with limited clinical trial involvement. Improving research diversity and representativeness may facilitate timely knowledge uptake and guideline implementation

Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital with and without respiratory symptoms

Background: COVID-19 is primarily known as a respiratory illness; however, many patients present to hospital without respiratory symptoms. The association between non-respiratory presentations of COVID-19 and outcomes remains unclear. We investigated risk factors and clinical outcomes in patients with no respiratory symptoms (NRS) and respiratory symptoms (RS) at hospital admission. Methods: This study describes clinical features, physiological parameters, and outcomes of hospitalised COVID-19 patients, stratified by the presence or absence of respiratory symptoms at hospital admission. RS patients had one or more of: cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, runny nose or wheezing; while NRS patients did not. Results: Of 178,640 patients in the study, 86.4 % presented with RS, while 13.6 % had NRS. NRS patients were older (median age: NRS: 74 vs RS: 65) and less likely to be admitted to the ICU (NRS: 36.7 % vs RS: 37.5 %). NRS patients had a higher crude in-hospital case-fatality ratio (NRS 41.1 % vs. RS 32.0 %), but a lower risk of death after adjusting for confounders (HR 0.88 [0.83-0.93]). Conclusion: Approximately one in seven COVID-19 patients presented at hospital admission without respiratory symptoms. These patients were older, had lower ICU admission rates, and had a lower risk of in-hospital mortality after adjusting for confounders

Two-particle Bose-Einstein correlations and their Lévy parameters in PbPb collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02 TeV

Two-particle Bose-Einstein momentum correlation functions are studied for charged-hadron pairs in lead-lead collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV. The data sample, containing 4.27$\times10^{9}$ minimum bias events corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.607 nb$^{-1}$, was collected by the CMS experiment in 2018. The experimental results are discussed in terms of a L\'evy-type source distribution. The parameters of this distribution are extracted as functions of particle pair average transverse mass and collision centrality. These parameters include the L\'evy index or shape parameter ($\alpha$), the L\'evy scale parameter ($R$), and the correlation strength parameter ($\lambda$). The source shape, characterized by $\alpha$, is found to be neither Cauchy nor Gaussian, implying the need for a full L\'evy analysis. Similarly to what was previously found for systems characterized by Gaussian source radii, a hydrodynamical scaling is observed for the L\'evy $R$ parameter. The $\lambda$ parameter is studied in terms of the core-halo model.Comment: Submitted to Physical Review C. All figures and tables can be found at http://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/publications/HIN-21-011 (CMS Public Pages

Search for supersymmetry in hadronic final states with missing transverse energy using the variables αT and b-quark multiplicity in pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues ([email protected]) on 2014-05-27T11:30:34Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:48:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-84883824987.pdf: 1540579 bytes, checksum: be6bbff5192436d9fcdbc367ffd1650e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:30:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-09-01 An inclusive search for supersymmetric processes that produce final states with jets and missing transverse energy is performed in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 11.7 fb-1 collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. In this search, a dimensionless kinematic variable, αT, is used to discriminate between events with genuine and misreconstructed missing transverse energy. The search is based on an examination of the number of reconstructed jets per event, the scalar sum of transverse energies of these jets, and the number of these jets identified as originating from bottom quarks. No significant excess of events over the standard model expectation is found. Exclusion limits are set in the parameter space of simplified models, with a special emphasis on both compressed-spectrum scenarios and direct or gluino-induced production of third-generation squarks. For the case of gluino-mediated squark production, gluino masses up to 950-1125 GeV are excluded depending on the assumed model. For the direct pair-production of squarks, masses up to 450 GeV are excluded for a single light first- or second-generation squark, increasing to 600 GeV for bottom squarks. © 2013 CERN for the benefit of the CMS collaboration. CERN, Geneva Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan Institut für Hochenergiephysik der OeAW, Wien National Centre for Particle and High Energy Physics, Minsk Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles Ghent University, Ghent Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve Université de Mons, Mons Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo Universidade Federal do ABC, São Paulo Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Sofia University of Sofia, Sofia Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology Peking University, Beijing Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota Technical University of Split, Split University of Split, Split Institute Rudjer Boskovic, Zagreb University of Cyprus, Nicosia Charles University, Prague Academy of Scientific Research and Technology of the Arab Republic of Egypt Egyptian Network of High Energy Physics, Cairo National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn Department of Physics University of Helsinki, Helsinki Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta DSM/IRFU CEA/Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique IN2P3-CNRS, Palaiseau Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Universite de Strasbourg, Universite de Haute Alsace Mulh CNRS/IN2P3, Strasbourg CNRS-IN2P3, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Institute of High Energy Physics and Informatization Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi I. Physikalisches Institut RWTH Aachen University, Aachen III. Physikalisches Institut A RWTH Aachen University, Aachen III. Physikalisches Institut B RWTH Aachen University, Aachen Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg University of Hamburg, Hamburg Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (INPP) NCSR Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi University of Athens, Athens University of Ioánnina, Ioánnina KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Budapest Institute of Nuclear Research ATOMKI, Debrecen University of Debrecen, Debrecen Panjab University, Chandigarh University of Delhi, Delhi Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai Tata Institute of Fundamental Research - EHEP, Mumbai Tata Institute of Fundamental Research - HECR, Mumbai Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran INFN Sezione di Bari, Bari Università di Bari, Bari Politecnico di Bari, Bari INFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna Università di Bologna, Bologna INFN Sezione di Catania, Catania Università di Catania, Catania INFN Sezione di Firenze, Firenze Università di Firenze, Firenze INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati INFN Sezione di Genova, Genova Università di Genova, Genova INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milano Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milano INFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Napoli Università della Basilicata (Potenza), Napoli Università G. 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