Kiwi forego vison in the guidance of their nocturnal activities

We propose that the Kiwi visual system has undergone adaptive regression evolution driven by the trade-off between the relatively low rate of gain of visual information that is possible at low light levels, and the metabolic costs of extracting that information

Evidence for an Auditory Fovea in the New Zealand Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli)

Kiwi are rare and strictly protected birds of iconic status in New Zealand. Yet, perhaps due to their unusual, nocturnal lifestyle, surprisingly little is known about their behaviour or physiology. In the present study, we exploited known correlations between morphology and physiology in the avian inner ear and brainstem to predict the frequency range of best hearing in the North Island brown kiwi. The mechanosensitive hair bundles of the sensory hair cells in the basilar papilla showed the typical change from tall bundles with few stereovilli to short bundles with many stereovilli along the apical-to-basal tonotopic axis. In contrast to most birds, however, the change was considerably less in the basal half of the epithelium. Dendritic lengths in the brainstem nucleus laminaris also showed the typical change along the tonotopic axis. However, as in the basilar papilla, the change was much less pronounced in the presumed high-frequency regions. Together, these morphological data suggest a fovea-like overrepresentation of a narrow high-frequency band in kiwi. Based on known correlations of hair-cell microanatomy and physiological responses in other birds, a specific prediction for the frequency representation along the basilar papilla of the kiwi was derived. The predicted overrepresentation of approximately 4-6 kHz matches potentially salient frequency bands of kiwi vocalisations and may thus be an adaptation to a nocturnal lifestyle in which auditory communication plays a dominant role

How does the silvopastoral use modify the structure and population dynamics of mixed cypress and coihue forests?

Los bosques mixtos de ciprés de la cordillera (Austrocedrus chilensis) y coihue (Nothofagus dombeyi) del noroeste de la Patagonia están influenciados por fuertes presiones antrópicas como el uso silvopastoril, y en los cuales no existe una planificación sostenible. Los efectos de esta actividad son diversos y pueden producir impactos negativos a través de cambios en la composición y la dinámica del ecosistema. El objetivo fue caracterizar la estructura y composición de la comunidad vegetal de dosel y del sotobosque en bosques mixtos de ciprés y coihue bajo diferentes intensidades de uso silvopastoril, para inferir el impacto de ésta actividad sobre la dinámica poblacional del bosque. Se trabajó en tres establecimientos ganaderos con bosque bajo dos niveles de uso silvopastoril en un diseño de muestreo apareado. La comunidad del sotobosque fue afectada por la intensidad de uso, mostrando una mayor heterogeneidad y complejidad de la vegetación en zonas con alta intensidad, y una modificación en la arquitectura de los renovales de las principales especies del dosel por la mayor severidad del ramoneo. Estos cambios en el sotobosque potencialmente pueden generar cambios en los patrones de desarrollo de los renovales. Sin embargo, la intensidad de uso no tuvo un efecto significativo sobre la estructura demográfica de las poblaciones para las principales especies forestales, indicando que los establecimientos estudiados y la intensidad de uso silvopastoril no afectarían de manera diferencial la dinámica de la comunidad vegetal de dosel forestal.The mixed cypress (Austrocedrus chilensis) and coihue (Nothofagus dombeyi) forests of northwestern Patagonia are influenced by strong anthropic pressures such as silvopastoral, where sustainable management were not applied. The effects of this activity are diverse and can result in negative impacts through changes in the composition and dynamics of the plant community. The objective was to characterize the structure and composition of the canopy and understory vegetation of mixed cypress and coihue forests, under different intensities of silvopastoral use, to infer the impact of this activity on the population dynamics. We worked in three farms with livestock activity with forests under two use intensity levels (high and low) in a paired sampling design. The understory community was affected by the intensity of use, showing greater heterogeneity and complexity of the vegetation in areas of high intensity use and a modification in the architecture of the seedlings of the main canopy species due to the greater browsing severity. The changes found in the understory have the potential to cause changes in the developmental patterns of regeneration. However, the use intensity did not have a significant effect on the demographic structure of the populations of the major species indicating the studied farms and the different intensities of silvopastoral use that result, would not affect in a differential way the dynamics of the canopy community.Fil: Amoroso, Mariano Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; ArgentinaFil: Chillo, María Verónica. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Alcalá, V. M.. Universidad del Aconcagua; ArgentinaFil: Rezzano, Carlos Abraham. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; ArgentinaFil: Arpigiani, Daniela Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; ArgentinaFil: Villacide, Ezequiel Martin. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentin

New Insight on the Hydrogen Absorption Evolution of the Mg–Fe–H System under Equilibrium Conditions

Mg2FeH6 is regarded as potential hydrogen and thermochemical storage medium due to its high volumetric hydrogen (150 kg/m3) and energy (0.49 kWh/L) densities. In this work, the mechanism of formation of Mg2FeH6 under equilibrium conditions is thoroughly investigated applying volumetric measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), and the combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Starting from a 2Mg:Fe stoichiometric powder ratio, thorough characterizations of samples taken at different states upon hydrogenation under equilibrium conditions confirm that the formation mechanism of Mg2FeH6 occurs from elemental Mg and Fe by columnar nucleation of the complex hydride at boundaries of the Fe seeds. The formation of MgH2 is enhanced by the presence of Fe. However, MgH2 does not take part as intermediate for the formation of Mg2FeH6 and acts as solid-solid diffusion barrier which hinders the complete formation of Mg2FeH6. This work provides novel insight about the formation mechanism of Mg2FeH6

RNA and Toll-Like Receptor 7 License the Generation of Superior Secondary Plasma Cells at Multiple Levels in a B Cell Intrinsic Fashion

Secondary plasma cells (PCs) originate from memory B cells and produce increased levels of antibodies with higher affinity compared to PCs generated during primary responses. Here we demonstrate that virus-like particles (VLPs) only induce secondary PCs in the presence of toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and if they are loaded with RNA. Furthermore, adoptive transfer experiments demonstrate that RNA and TLR7 signaling are required for secondary PC generation, both at the level of memory B cell as well as PC differentiation. TLR7-signaling occurred in a B cell intrinsic manner as TLR7-deficient B cells in an otherwise TLR7-competent environment failed to differentiate into secondary PCs. Therefore, RNA inside VLPs is essential for the generation of memory B cells, which are competent to differentiate to secondary PCs and for the differentiation of secondary PCs themselves. While we have not tested all other TLR or non-TLR adjuvants with our VLPs, these data have obvious implications for vaccine design, as RNA packaged into VLPs is a simple way to enhance induction of memory B cells capable of generating secondary PCs

Superconductivity in monocrystalline YNiSi3 and LuNiSi3

We report the discovery of bulk superconductivity in the ternary intermetallics YNiSi3 and LuNiSi3. High-quality single crystals were grown via the Sn-flux method and studied using magnetization, specific-heat, and resistivity measurements at low temperatures. The critical temperatures obtained from these different techniques are in very good agreement and yield Tc=1.36(3)K and Tc=1.61(2)K for YNiSi3 and LuNiSi3, respectively. Magnetization measurements indicate that both compounds are among the rare cases where type-I superconductivity occurs in a ternary intermetallic, however, the jump in the specific heat at the transition is lower than the value expected from BCS theory (ΔCel/γnTc=1.43) in both materials and is equal to 1.14(9) and 0.71(5) for the Y and Lu compounds, respectively. Resistivity measurements exhibit sharp transitions but with critical fields μ0Hc(0) (≈0.05T for YNiSi3 and ≈0.08T for LuNiSi3) considerably higher than those obtained from the magnetization and specific heat (≈0.01T). First-principles density functional theory calculated electronic structure shows that these compounds have highly anisotropic and complex Fermi surfaces with one electronic and two holelike branches. One hole branch and the electron branch have a large cylindrical topology connecting the first Brillouin-zone boundaries, the former being built up by the hybridization of Y(Lu) d, Ni d, and Si p states, and the latter being built up by Ni d and Si p states. The calculated phononic structures indicate that the coupling of the Y(Lu), Ni d, and Si p electrons in the low-lying optical phonon branches is responsible for the formation of Cooper pairs and the observed superconducting state. Therefore, these compounds can be classified as anisotropic three-dimensional metals with multiband superconducting ground states in the weak-coupling regime

Drug-cured experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infections confer long-lasting and cross-strain protection.

BACKGROUND: The long term and complex nature of Chagas disease in humans has restricted studies on vaccine feasibility. Animal models also have limitations due to technical difficulties in monitoring the extremely low parasite burden that is characteristic of chronic stage infections. Advances in imaging technology offer alternative approaches that circumvent these problems. Here, we describe the use of highly sensitive whole body in vivo imaging to assess the efficacy of recombinant viral vector vaccines and benznidazole-cured infections to protect mice from challenge with Trypanosoma cruzi. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Mice were infected with T. cruzi strains modified to express a red-shifted luciferase reporter. Using bioluminescence imaging, we assessed the degree of immunity to re-infection conferred after benznidazole-cure. Those infected for 14 days or more, prior to the onset of benznidazole treatment, were highly protected from challenge with both homologous and heterologous strains. There was a >99% reduction in parasite burden, with parasites frequently undetectable after homologous challenge. This level of protection was considerably greater than that achieved with recombinant vaccines. It was also independent of the route of infection or size of the challenge inoculum, and was long-lasting, with no significant diminution in immunity after almost a year. When the primary infection was benznidazole-treated after 4 days (before completion of the first cycle of intracellular infection), the degree of protection was much reduced, an outcome associated with a minimal T. cruzi-specific IFN-?+ T cell response. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings suggest that a protective Chagas disease vaccine must have the ability to eliminate parasites before they reach organs/tissues, such as the GI tract, where once established, they become largely refractory to the induced immune response

Kiwi Forego Vision in the Guidance of Their Nocturnal Activities

BACKGROUND: In vision, there is a trade-off between sensitivity and resolution, and any eye which maximises information gain at low light levels needs to be large. This imposes exacting constraints upon vision in nocturnal flying birds. Eyes are essentially heavy, fluid-filled chambers, and in flying birds their increased size is countered by selection for both reduced body mass and the distribution of mass towards the body core. Freed from these mass constraints, it would be predicted that in flightless birds nocturnality should favour the evolution of large eyes and reliance upon visual cues for the guidance of activity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We show that in Kiwi (Apterygidae), flightlessness and nocturnality have, in fact, resulted in the opposite outcome. Kiwi show minimal reliance upon vision indicated by eye structure, visual field topography, and brain structures, and increased reliance upon tactile and olfactory information. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This lack of reliance upon vision and increased reliance upon tactile and olfactory information in Kiwi is markedly similar to the situation in nocturnal mammals that exploit the forest floor. That Kiwi and mammals evolved to exploit these habitats quite independently provides evidence for convergent evolution in their sensory capacities that are tuned to a common set of perceptual challenges found in forest floor habitats at night and which cannot be met by the vertebrate visual system. We propose that the Kiwi visual system has undergone adaptive regressive evolution driven by the trade-off between the relatively low rate of gain of visual information that is possible at low light levels, and the metabolic costs of extracting that information

Effect of Fe additive on the hydrogenation-dehydrogenation properties of 2LiH + MgB2/2LiBH4 + MgH2 system

Lithium reactive hydride composite 2LiBH4 + MgH2 (Li-RHC) has been lately investigated owing to its potential as hydrogen storage medium for mobile applications. However, the main problem associated with this material is its sluggish kinetic behavior. Thus, aiming to improve the kinetic properties, in the present work the effect of the addition of Fe to Li-RHC is investigated. The addition of Fe lowers the starting decomposition temperature of Li-RHC about 30 °C and leads to a considerably faster isothermal dehydrogenation rate during the first hydrogen sorption cycle. Upon hydrogenation, MgH2 and LiBH4 are formed whereas Fe appears not to take part in any reaction. Upon the first dehydrogenation, the formation of nanocrystalline, well distributed FeB reduces the overall hydrogen storage capacity of the system. Throughout cycling, the agglomeration of FeB particles causes a kinetic deterioration. An analysis of the hydrogen kinetic mechanism during cycling shows that the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation behavior is influenced by the activity of FeB as heterogeneous nucleation center for MgB2 and its non-homogenous distribution in the Li-RHC matrix.Fil: Puszkiel, Julián Atilio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht - Zentrum Für Material- Und Küstenforschung Gmbh;Fil: Gennari, Fabiana Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro Atómico Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Arneodo Larochette, Pierre Paul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro Atómico Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Ramallo Lopez, Jose Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas; ArgentinaFil: Vainio, U.. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht - Zentrum Für Material- Und Küstenforschung Gmbh; . Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron; AlemaniaFil: Karimi, F.. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht - Zentrum Für Material- Und Küstenforschung Gmbh;Fil: Pranzas, P. K.. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht - Zentrum Für Material- Und Küstenforschung Gmbh;Fil: Troiani, Horacio Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Centro Atómico Bariloche; ArgentinaFil: Pistidda, C.. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht - Zentrum Für Material- Und Küstenforschung Gmbh;Fil: Jepsen, J.. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht - Zentrum Für Material- Und Küstenforschung Gmbh;Fil: Tolkiehn, M.. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron; AlemaniaFil: Welter, E.. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron; AlemaniaFil: Klassen, T.. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht - Zentrum Für Material- Und Küstenforschung Gmbh;Fil: Bellosta Von Colbe, J.. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht - Zentrum Für Material- Und Küstenforschung Gmbh;Fil: Dornheim, M.. Helmholtz-zentrum Geesthacht - Zentrum Für Material- Und Küstenforschung Gmbh