4,277 research outputs found
analytical solutions for spectral patterns and their field dependence
We have obtained analytical solutions for Para-Hydrogen Induced Polarization
(PHIP) for several types of coupled spin systems, namely, for AB-, ABX-,
AA´A´´- and A2B-systems. Scalar spin-spin interactions were considered the
factor, that determines the PHIP spectral pattern; it is the variation of the
spin coupling regime (from strong coupling at low field to weak coupling at
high field), which is responsible for the PHIP magnetic field dependence. The
field dependence of polarization was considered in detail, general
peculiarities of PHIP were found, PHIP patterns were calculated for the
systems mentioned. Special attention was paid to the effects of field
switching on PHIP
Generating and sustaining long-lived spin states in 15N,15N′-azobenzene
Long-Lived spin States (LLSs) hold a great promise for sustaining non-thermal spin order and investigating various slow processes by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Of special interest for such application are molecules containing nearly equivalent magnetic nuclei, which possess LLSs even at high magnetic fields. In this work, we report an LLS in trans-15N,15N′-azobenzene. The singlet state of the 15N spin pair exhibits a long-lived character. We solve the challenging problem of generating and detecting this LLS and further increase the LLS population by converting the much higher magnetization of protons into the 15N singlet spin order. As far as the longevity of this spin order is concerned, various schemes have been tested for sustaining the LLS. Lifetimes of 17 minutes have been achieved at 16.4 T, a value about 250 times longer than the longitudinal relaxation time of 15N in this magnetic field. We believe that such extended relaxation times, along with the photochromic properties of azobenzene, which changes conformation upon light irradiation and can be hyperpolarized by using parahydrogen, are promising for designing new experiments with photo-switchable long-lived hyperpolarization
Assessing cellular response to functionalized α-helical peptide hydrogels
α-Helical peptide hydrogels are decorated with a cell-binding peptide motif (RGDS), which is shown to promote adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of PC12 cells. Gel structure and integrity are maintained after functionalization. This opens possibilities for the bottom-up design and engineering of complex functional scaffolds for 2D and 3D cell cultures.</p
Effect of hypoxia and anoxia on invertebrate behaviour: Ecological perspectives from species to community level
Coastal hypoxia and anoxia have become a global key stressor to marine ecosystems, with almost 500 dead zones recorded worldwide. By triggering cascading effects from the individual organism to the community-and ecosystem level, oxygen depletions threaten marine biodiversity and can alter ecosystem structure and function. By integrating both physiological function and ecological processes, animal behaviour is ideal for assessing the stress state of benthic macrofauna to low dissolved oxygen. The initial response of organisms can serve as an early warning signal, while the successive behavioural reactions of key species indicate hypoxia levels and help assess community degradation. Here we document the behavioural responses of a representative spectrum of benthic macrofauna in the natural setting in the Northern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean). We experimentally induced small-scale anoxia with a benthic chamber in 24 m depth to overcome the difficulties in predicting the onset of hypoxia, which often hinders full documentation in the field. The behavioural reactions were documented with a time-lapse camera. Oxygen depletion elicited significant and repeatable changes in general (visibility, locomotion, body movement and posture, location) and species-specific reactions in virtually all organisms (302 individuals from 32 species and 2 species groups). Most atypical (stress) behaviours were associated with specific oxygen thresholds: arm-tipping in the ophiuroid Ophiothrix quinquemaculata, for example, with the onset of mild hypoxia (< 2 mL O2 L-1), the emergence of polychaetes on the sediment surface with moderate hypoxia (< 1 mL O 2 L-1), the emergence of the infaunal sea urchin Schizaster canaliferus on the sediment with severe hypoxia (< 0.5 mL O 2 Lg-1) and heavy body rotations in sea anemones with anoxia. Other species changed their activity patterns, for example the circadian rhythm in the hermit crab Paguristes eremita or the bioherm-associated crab Pisidia longimana. Intra-and interspecific reactions were weakened or changed: decapods ceased defensive and territorial behaviour, and predator-prey interactions and relationships shifted. This nuanced scale of resolution is a useful tool to interpret present benthic community status (behaviour) and past mortalities (community composition, e.g. survival of tolerant species). This information on the sensitivity (onset of stress response), tolerance (mortality, survival), and characteristics (i.e. life habit, functional role) of key species also helps predict potential future changes in benthic structure and ecosystem functioning. This integrated approach can transport complex ecological processes to the public and decision-makers and help define specific monitoring, assessment and conservation plans. © 2014 Author (s).This study was financed by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF; projects P17655-B03 and P21542-B17) and supported by the OEAD Bilateral Slovenian Austrian Scientific Technical Cooperation project SI 22/2009Peer Reviewe
Medical device design for adolescent adherence and developmental goals: a case study of a cystic fibrosis physiotherapy device
Purpose: This study investigates the psychosocial aspects of adolescent medical device use and the impact on adolescent adherence and goals for the transitional years between child and adulthood.
Patients and methods: Interviews were carried out with 20 adolescents with cystic fibrosis, investigating adolescent medical device use and experiences in relation to their personal and social lives and development through the adolescent years. The qualitative dataset was thematically examined using a content analysis method.
Results: The results show that adolescent users of medical technologies want their independence and capabilities to be respected. Adolescent adherence to medical device use was associated with short- and long-term motivations, where older adolescents were able to comprehend the longer-term benefits of use against short-term inconvenience more acutely than younger adolescents. It was suggested that medical devices could provide a tool for communication with families and clinicians and could support adolescents as they take responsibility for managing their condition. Themes of “fitting into teenage life” and “use in the community” were associated with adolescents' needs to form their own identity and have autonomy.
Conclusion: This study shows that adolescent needs regarding medical device use are complex. It provides evidence to suggest that devices designed inclusively for adolescents may lead to improved adherence and also facilitate transition through the adolescent years and achievement of adolescent goals
Coherent transfer of nuclear spin polarization in field-cycling NMR experiments
Coherent polarization transfer effects in a coupled spin network have been
studied over a wide field range. The transfer mechanism is based on exciting
zero-quantum coherences between the nuclear spin states by means of non-
adiabatic field jump from high to low magnetic field. Subsequent evolution of
these coherences enables conversion of spin order in the system, which is
monitored after field jump back to high field. Such processes are most
efficient when the spin system passes through an avoided level crossing during
the field variation. The polarization transfer effects have been demonstrated
for N-acetyl histidine, which has five scalar coupled protons; the initial
spin order has been prepared by applying RF-pulses at high magnetic field. The
observed oscillatory transfer kinetics is taken as a clear indication of a
coherent mechanism; level crossing effects have also been demonstrated. The
experimental data are in very good agreement with the theoretical model of
coherent polarization transfer. The method suggested is also valid for other
types of initial polarization in the spin system, most notably, for spin
hyperpolarization
Spin mixing at level anti-crossings in the rotating frame makes high-field SABRE feasible
A new technique is proposed to carry out Signal Amplification By Reversible
Exchange (SABRE) experiments at high magnetic fields. SABRE is a method, which
utilizes spin order transfer from para-hydrogen to the spins of a substrate in
transient complexes using suitable catalysts. Such a transfer of spin order is
efficient at low magnetic fields, notably, in the Level Anti-Crossing (LAC)
regions. Here it is demonstrated that LAC conditions can also be fulfilled at
high fields in the rotating reference frame under the action of an RF-field.
Spin mixing at LACs allows one to polarize substrates at high fields as well;
the achievable NMR enhancements are around 360 for the ortho-protons of
partially deuterated pyridine used as a substrate and around 700 for H2 and
substrate in the active complex with the catalyst. High-field SABRE effects
have also been found for several other molecules containing a nitrogen atom in
the aromatic ring
High resolution NMR study of T1 magnetic relaxation dispersion. IV. Proton relaxation in amino acids and Met-enkephalin pentapeptide
Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation Dispersion (NMRD) of protons was studied in the
pentapeptide Met-enkephalin and the amino acids, which constitute it.
Experiments were run by using high-resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
in combination with fast field-cycling, thus enabling measuring NMRD curves
for all individual protons. As in earlier works, Papers I–III, pronounced
effects of intramolecular scalar spin-spin interactions, J-couplings, on spin
relaxation were found. Notably, at low fields J-couplings tend to equalize the
apparent relaxation rates within networks of coupled protons. In Met-
enkephalin, in contrast to the free amino acids, there is a sharp increase in
the proton T1-relaxation times at high fields due to the changes in the regime
of molecular motion. The experimental data are in good agreement with theory.
From modelling the relaxation experiments we were able to determine motional
correlation times of different residues in Met-enkephalin with atomic
resolution. This allows us to draw conclusions about preferential conformation
of the pentapeptide in solution, which is also in agreement with data from
two-dimensional NMR experiments (rotating frame Overhauser effect
spectroscopy). Altogether, our study demonstrates that high-resolution NMR
studies of magnetic field-dependent relaxation allow one to probe molecular
mobility in biomolecules with atomic resolution
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