271 research outputs found
Quand une majoritĂ© devient une minoritĂ©Â : les MĂ©tis francophones de lâOuest canadien
Les MĂ©tis francophones constituaient en 1870 un peu plus de la moitiĂ© de l'ensemble de la population mĂ©tisse de la colonie de la RiviĂšre-Rouge (Assiniboia). En partie grĂące Ă leur unitĂ© de langue et de religion, mais surtout grĂące Ă leur infrastructure socio-morphologique (mode d'occupation du sol et genre de vie), ces MĂ©tis avaient dĂ©veloppĂ© une certaine conscience nationale qui pouvait leur permettre de revendiquer collectivement, au nom de leur ascendance indienne, un droit de propriĂ©tĂ© sur les territoires du Nord-Ouest.Or, en une quinzaine d'annĂ©es aprĂšs 1870, une Ă©volution extrĂȘmement rapide du pays, Ă la fois dĂ©mographique, Ă©conomique, culturelle et mĂȘme Ă©cologique, sapera leur infrastructure et les prĂ©cipitera dans un Ă©tat de grave anomie.Une petite portion de cette ancienne majoritĂ© se lancera en 1884-85, sous la direction de Louis Riel, dans un mouvement millĂ©nariste, que les forces armĂ©es canadiennes Ă©craseront.In 1870, French-speaking MĂ©tis made up more than half of the metis population of the Red River colony (Assiniboia). Due in part to their unity of language and religion, but mainly thanks to their sociomorphologic infra-structure (adaptive strategy and life-style), these MĂ©tis had developed a kind of national consciousness which allowed them to collectively claim right of possession of the Northwest territories, in the name of their Indian ancestry.However, during the 15 years following 1870, the country underwent an extremely rapid demographic, cultural and even ecologic evolution, sapping the MĂ©tis strength and plunging them into a state of serious anomy.In 1884-85, a small part of this one-time majority, under the leadership of Louis Riel, was to engage in a millennial movement, destined to be crushed by the Canadian armed forces
L'élevage, un atout pour le développement durable des territoires dans les régions de polyculture-élevage
Comment lâĂ©levage peut-il contribuer au dĂ©veloppement durable des territoires en rĂ©gion de polyculture-Ă©levage ? A lâinverse, les objectifs de dĂ©veloppement rural peuvent-ils conforter la durabilitĂ© de lâĂ©levage dans ces situations ? Notre rĂ©flexion est fondĂ©e sur des recherches interdisciplinaires sur lâagriculture et lâenvironnement dans diffĂ©rentes rĂ©gions françaises (Coteaux de Gascogne, Plaine de Niort, Bretagne, Pays de Caux et Lorraine). Nos recherches apprĂ©hendent les relations entre transformations des activitĂ©s agricoles et changements de lâutilisation des terres en lien avec les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques. Ces questions exigent dâaborder de multiples dimensions de la gestion de lâespace et des ressources naturelles par lâĂ©levage. Nos rĂ©sultats illustrent la complexitĂ© et lâimbrication des questions de gestion de lâespace, de la parcelle au paysage, soulevĂ©es par le dĂ©veloppement durable de lâĂ©levage en milieu de polyculture-Ă©levage. Au niveau de lâexploitation, ils Ă©clairent les stratĂ©gies dĂ©cisionnelles des agriculteurs. Au niveau du tissu dâexploitations, ils soulignent lâimportance des relations et des Ă©changes entre exploitations. LâexpĂ©rimentation de systĂšmes innovants contribue Ă Ă©valuer la compatibilitĂ© des enjeux territoriaux et de durabilitĂ© des exploitations. Enfin, nous proposons des pistes de recherche et dâactions pour conforter la contribution de lâĂ©levage au dĂ©veloppement durable des territoires ruraux
Long term evaluation of disease progression through the quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis patients: correlation with clinical symptoms and radiographic changes
The objective of this study was to further explore the cartilage volume changes in knee osteoarthritis (OA) over time using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI). These were correlated with demographic, clinical, and radiological data to better identify the disease risk features. We selected 107 patients from a large trial (n = 1,232) evaluating the effect of a bisphosphonate on OA knees. The MRI acquisitions of the knee were done at baseline, 12, and 24 months. Cartilage volume from the global, medial, and lateral compartments was quantified. The changes were contrasted with clinical data and other MRI anatomical features. Knee OA cartilage volume losses were statistically significant compared to baseline values: -3.7 ± 3.0% for global cartilage and -5.5 ± 4.3% for the medial compartment at 12 months, and -5.7 ± 4.4% and -8.3 ± 6.5%, respectively, at 24 months. Three different populations were identified according to cartilage volume loss: fast (n = 11; -13.2%), intermediate (n = 48; -7.2%), and slow (n = 48; -2.3%) progressors. The predictors of fast progressors were the presence of severe meniscal extrusion (p = 0.001), severe medial tear (p = 0.005), medial and/or lateral bone edema (p = 0.03), high body mass index (p < 0.05, fast versus slow), weight (p < 0.05, fast versus slow) and age (p < 0.05 fast versus slow). The loss of cartilage volume was also slightly associated with less knee pain. No association was found with other Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores, joint space width, or urine biomarker levels. Meniscal damage and bone edema are closely associated with more cartilage volume loss. These data confirm the significant advantage of qMRI for reliably measuring knee structural changes at as early as 12 months, and for identifying risk factors associated with OA progression
Crop-livestock interfaces established through adaptations of farmers' practices over the short and long term
Since the 1960s, there has been a global trend toward specializing and intensifying farming systems in order to produce more. However, several authors (Hendrickson et al., 2008; Griffon, 2009; Russelle et al., 2007; Wilkins, 2008) have denounced agricultural development based on these systems, citing such negative impacts as the excessive build-up of nutrients in soil and water, economic dependency on product prices and a decrease in biodiversity. Conversely, integrated crop-livestock farming systems (CLFS), which combine crop production with animal husbandry (Russelle et al., 2007, Hendrickson et al., 2008), are now being reconsidered as a means of improving farm and land sustainability (Herrero et al., 2010). CLFS systems improve nutrient cycles (via exchanges of manure and straw) and are a source of economies of scope (Vermersch, 2007). They have the potential to bring about diversification in cropping plans, crop rotations and crop and grassland locations (Bonny,2011). This double nature of diversity (of agricultural activities, of resources for production)can be seen from the adaptive capacity point of view (Milestad et al., 2012), i.e. as a source of the farming systemsâ flexibility
Interrelations cultures-Ă©levage dans les systĂšmes de polyculture Ă©levage : Quelles capacitĂ©s adaptatives Ă diffĂ©rents pas de temps pour accroĂźtre lâautonomie fourragĂšre?
Les systĂšmes de polyculture -Ă©levage font lâobjet dâune nouvelle reconnaissance Ă lâĂ©chelle internationale en termes de durabilitĂ© des exploitations et des paysages; pourtant, ils continuent de diminuer en France. Notre question de recherche concerne les changements mis en Ćuvre par les agriculteurs pour accroĂźtre la durabilitĂ© de leur exploitation et suppose lâobservation des interrelations entre cultures et Ă©levage, qui joue ont un grand rĂŽle sur les bĂ©nĂ©fices obtenus. En mobilisant le cadre dâanalyse des capacitĂ©s adaptatives Ă diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles de temps des systĂšmes dâĂ©levage, nous mettons en Ă©vidence diffĂ©rentes modalitĂ©s dâinterrelations entre cultures et Ă©levage. Sur le long terme, nous constatons les effets opposĂ©s des diffĂ©rentes politiques publiques, notamment europĂ©ennes, sur les systĂšmes de polyculture Ă©levage. A moyen terme, les transitions rĂ©alisĂ©es par les agriculteurs renvoient Ă une plus grande finesse de la gestion Ă rĂ©aliser, faisant parfois appel Ă un rĂ©fĂ©rentiel de pensĂ©e diffĂ©rent. A moyen et court terme, les agriculteurs jouent sur la flexibilitĂ© de leur systĂšme pour quâil sâadapte Ă des circonstances nouvelles de maniĂšre appropriĂ©e
Les interrelations entre cultures et élevage dans les systÚmes de polyculture-élevage : quelles capacités adaptatives à différents pas de temps?
Les tendances Ă la spĂ©cialisation et Ă lâintensification des exploitations agricoles dans le but de produire toujours davantage sont observĂ©es depuis les annĂ©es 60. Pourtant, ces systĂšmes spĂ©cialisĂ©s sont dĂ©noncĂ©s par de nombreux auteurs (Russelle et al., 2007) pour des raisons environnementales ou Ă©conomiques et les systĂšmes de polyculture- Ă©levage font l'objet d'une nouvelle reconnaissance en termes de durabilitĂ© des exploitations et des paysages (Herrero et al., 2010) : Ă©changes pailles - fumier, Ă©conomies de gammes sont notamment bĂ©nĂ©fiques pour les systĂšmes et le milieu
Nouveaux marqueurs de pH utilisables en RMN du <sup>31</sup>P. Détermination de la relaxation longitudinale en fonction de la structure chimique, de la température, du pH et du milieu biologique
Lupine and zig-zag lines: queer affects in Alain Guiraudieâs Lâinconnu du lac and Rester vertical
In this article I investigate how a theory of becomings-animal operates in a number of contemporary queer French films by director Alain Guiraudie (Lâinconnu du lac (2013) and Rester vertical (2016)). In particular I explore how a becomings-animalâs association with a Deleuzian theory of affect enhances our understanding of queer intimacy. The aim of this article is to reposition queer intimacy as an ontology outside â outside synthetic and vertical lines of filiation and kinship and inside the disjunctive lines of the outside (what is irregular, random, rural, cosmic). Drawing at first on intimacy as an ontological non-relationality (Bersani 2008; 2009) and on the idea of separation as an ontological necessity of queer intimacy (John Paul Ricco 2017), I want to rethink queer intimacy as exposure outwards â an intimacy to and towards. Within this exteriorization of intimacy, my methodology will rely on the affective power of a Deleuzian theory of lines
Savoir caractériser les complémentarités entre cultures et élevage pour accompagner la reconception des systÚmes de polyculture - élevage dans leurs transitions agroécologiques
International audienceIntegrated Corp-Livestock farming systems (ICLS) should be able to maximize the implementation of agro-ecologic practices. Crops feed livestock and manure fertilize crops, which creates a virtuous circle. However, integrated crop-livestock farming systems cover a diversity of agricultural systems without consensus on how to charaterize them,. As each form of ICLS has not the same aims, they also do not have the same economic and environmental performances. To archieve obtaining situations with the expected virtuous theoretical characteristics, these systems will have to implement different changes. This is wath we describe through the experience of four experimental farms and several communications made during the symposium : "Les polycultures-Ă©levages : valoriser leurs atouts pour la transition agroĂ©cologique" in Dijon in October 2017, as well as results from analyzes and presentations of methods and tools developed for these systems.Les systĂšmes de polyculture-Ă©levage ont thĂ©oriquement les moyens de maximiser la mise en oeuvre de pratiques agroĂ©cologiques : les cultures alimentent le troupeau dont les effluents fertilisent les terres selon un cercle vertueux. Cependant, le terme « polyculture-Ă©levage » (PCE) masque une diversitĂ© de systĂšmes sans lâexistence dâun consensus sur la façon de la caractĂ©riser. Or, chaque forme de PCE ne va pas viser les mĂȘmes objectifs, ni avoir les mĂȘmes performances environnementales et Ă©conomiques. Pour atteindre des situations oĂč les caractĂ©ristiques thĂ©oriques vertueuses attendues sont obtenues, ces systĂšmes auront des trajectoires diffĂ©rentes. Câest ce que nous montrons Ă travers lâexpĂ©rience de 4 exploitations expĂ©rimentales et de prĂ©sentations faites lors du colloque « Les polycultures-Ă©levages: valoriser leurs atouts pour la transition agroĂ©cologique » Ă Dijon en Octobre 2017, ainsi que de rĂ©sultats dâanalyses et de prĂ©sentations de mĂ©thodes et outils de conseil dĂ©veloppĂ©s pour ces systĂšmes
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