Efecto de la energía microondas sobre la calidad de cuatro variedades españolas de arroz [ES]

A microwave system can be used as an alternative method to methyl bromide to control rice storage pests. Four rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) grown in Spain (‘Bomba’, ‘Senia’, ‘Puntal’ and ‘Thainato’) were irradiated with three levels of microwave energy (0, 70 and 100 J g–1). Rice quality attributes were analysed to establish hypothetical quality changes in order to use microwave energy as an alternative method to control pests. Results of the factorial analysis showed that the analysed attributes differed more within varieties than among microwave treatments of the varieties, except for ‘Thainato’ which, after applying microwave energy of 100 J g–1, presented a different adhesiveness from the other two treatments determined by factor 1 and ‘Puntal’ treated with microwaves presented a different water uptake and loss of solids in cooking water determined by factor 3 than the control. The increase in hardness and decrease in adhesiveness as a consequence of the microwave treatment could possibly damage rice quality. This aspect must be taken into account with this method. In conclusion, microwave energy can be used as an alternative method of insect control because it does not seriously affect rice quality. Microwave treatments did not leave undesirable residues and could be as effective at controlling insect infestation as any procedure currently available.This research was co-financed by MCYT and FEDER No. 1FD1997-2235-C03-03.Peer reviewe

Effects of water stress on the phenolic compounds of ‘Merlot’ grapes in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate

Of all the abiotic stress types to which plants grown in fields are exposed, the most influential is water stress. It is well accepted that adopting controlled deficit irrigation strategies during the growing season has beneficial effects on the chemical compositions of grapes and red wines. However, there is a discrepancy in the timing, intensity and duration of deficit. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in phenolic composition of ‘merlot’ cultivar grapes when subjected to different levels of water stress in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate. Four treatments with different water stress levels were applied within two phenological intervals (flowering-veraison, veraison-maturity) to 128 grapevines for two consecutive years. The water stress levels for Treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 were: no-light, light-moderate, moderate-intense and intense for the flowering-veraison and veraison-maturity intervals, respectively. Water stress distinctly affected the phenolic compounds in skin and seeds. The concentrations of flavan-3-ols and total polyphenols were much higher in seeds than in skin, and in both fractions, tannins are the major compound

Variation in Susceptibility to Downy Mildew Infection in Spanish Minority Vine Varieties

Downy mildew is one of the most destructive diseases affecting grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). Caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola (Berk. and Curt.) Berl. and de Toni, it can appear anywhere where vines are cultivated. It is habitually controlled by the application of phytosanitary agents (copper-based or systemic) at different stages of the vine growth cycle. This, however, is costly, can lead to reduced yields, has a considerable environmental impact, and its overuse close to harvest can cause fermentation problems. All grapevines are susceptible to this disease, although the degree of susceptibility differs between varieties. Market demands and European legislation on viticulture and the use of phytosanitary agents (art. 14 of Directive 128/2009/EC) now make it important to know the sensitivity of all available varieties, including minority varieties. Such knowledge allows for a more appropriate use of phytosanitary agents, fosters the commercial use of these varieties and thus increases the offer of wines associated with different terroirs, and helps identify material for use in crop improvement programmes via crossing or genetic transformation, etc. Over 2020–2021, the susceptibility to P. viticola of 63 minority vine varieties from different regions of Spain was examined in the laboratory using the leaf disc technique. Some 87% of these varieties were highly susceptible and 11% moderately susceptible; just 2% showed low susceptibility. The least susceptible of all was the variety Morate (Madrid, IMIDRA). Those showing intermediate susceptibility included the varieties Sanguina (Castilla la Mancha, IVICAM), Planta Mula (Comunidad Valenciana, ITVE), Rayada Melonera (Madrid, IMIDRA), Zamarrica (Galicia, EVEGA), Cariñena Roja (Cataluña, INCAVI), Mandrègue (Aragón, DGA) and Bastardo Blanco (Extremadura, CICYTEX). The highly susceptible varieties could be differentiated into three subgroups depending on sporulation severity and density

Variation in Susceptibility to Downy Mildew Infection in Spanish Minority Vine Varieties

Downy mildew is one of the most destructive diseases affecting grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). Caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola (Berk. and Curt.) Berl. and de Toni, it can appear anywhere where vines are cultivated. It is habitually controlled by the application of phytosanitary agents (copper-based or systemic) at different stages of the vine growth cycle. This, however, is costly, can lead to reduced yields, has a considerable environmental impact, and its overuse close to harvest can cause fermentation problems. All grapevines are susceptible to this disease, although the degree of susceptibility differs between varieties. Market demands and European legislation on viticulture and the use of phytosanitary agents (art. 14 of Directive 128/2009/EC) now make it important to know the sensitivity of all available varieties, including minority varieties. Such knowledge allows for a more appropriate use of phytosanitary agents, fosters the commercial use of these varieties and thus increases the offer of wines associated with different terroirs, and helps identify material for use in crop improvement programmes via crossing or genetic transformation, etc. Over 2020–2021, the susceptibility to P. viticola of 63 minority vine varieties from different regions of Spain was examined in the laboratory using the leaf disc technique. Some 87% of these varieties were highly susceptible and 11% moderately susceptible; just 2% showed low susceptibility. The least susceptible of all was the variety Morate (Madrid, IMIDRA). Those showing intermediate susceptibility included the varieties Sanguina (Castilla la Mancha, IVICAM), Planta Mula (Comunidad Valenciana, ITVE), Rayada Melonera (Madrid, IMIDRA), Zamarrica (Galicia, EVEGA), Cariñena Roja (Cataluña, INCAVI), Mandrègue (Aragón, DGA) and Bastardo Blanco (Extremadura, CICYTEX). The highly susceptible varieties could be differentiated into three subgroups depending on sporulation severity and density.This work, performed by the VIOR (Viticultura, Olivo y Rosa) group of the Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), forms part of the project “Valorización de variedades minoritarias de vid por su potencial para la diversificación vitivinícola. Resiliencia a enfermedades fúngicas influenciadas por el cambio climático” (MINORVIN) (RTI 2018-101085-RC32), funded by MCIN/AEI/, 10.13039/501100011033 and the European Regional Development Fund.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Effects of Water Stress on Vegetative Growth and ‘Merlot’ Grapevine Yield in a Semi-Arid Mediterranean Climate

Water stress is considered to be the most influential type of abiotic stress to which plants may be exposed. In grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.), it is a common practice to keep plants under water stress at different stages of the season with the aim of reducing yield and improving the composition of the fruit. The objective of this study was to evaluate foliar development and yield of ‘Merlot’ grapevines grown in the field when they are subjected to different levels of water stress in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate. Four treatments with different levels of water stress were applied during two phenological intervals (flowering-veraison and veraison-maturity) to 128 grapevines for a period of two consecutive years. The levels of water stress were none-light, light-moderate, moderate-intense, and intense-intense for the flowering-veraison and veraison-maturity intervals, respectively. The results revealed that the total leaf area, the exposed leaf area, and the yield all decreased as the degree of water stress increased. The weight of the berry was a decisive factor in determining yield. The least restrictive water regime treatment gave the heaviest berries and bunches and, as a result, the highest yields

Cobertura e inmunorespuesta a la vacunación frente al virus de la hepatitis B en adolescentes de la provincia de Guadalajara

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B comprises one of the major health problems worldwide. One of the measures for the prevention thereof is the massive vaccination of adolescents. The purpose of our study is that of assessing the degree of coverage of the systematic hepatitis B prevention campaign among the 8th-grade population in the province of Guadalajara in addition to studying the immune response of said population, relating said response to other variables. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. The degree of coverage of the vaccination campaign was studied throughout the entire target population in the province in question. For the study of the immune response, a sample of 338 students was taken by systematic random sampling. The titres of anti-HB’s were quantified 6 months following the third dosage, levels of 10 mU/ml or above being considered as being levels providing protection. RESULTS: The percentage of students properly vaccinated totaled 82.7%. The overall serum protection rate was 97.5%, and 46.7% of the sample responded showing titres of over 100 mU/ml. A statistically significant inverse relationship (p<0.001) existed between the level of anti-HB’s and the Quetelet level, we not having found any significant differences between the two sexes on comparing the post-vaccination titres of anti-HB’s. CONCLUSIONS: We consider the degree of coverage provided to be satisfactory and the immunogenic aspect of the vaccine to be good. Obesity is a factor providing a prior indication of a minor response to the same. This response is not influenced by the subject’s sex.FUNDAMENTO. La hepatitis B constituye uno de los mayores problemas de salud a nivel mundial. Una de las medidas para su prevención es la vacunación masiva de los adolescentes. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue evaluar la cobertura del programa de vacunación sistemática antihepatitis B entre la población de 8º curso de EGB de la provincia de Guadalajara y estudiar la inmunorrespuesta de la misma, relacionándola con otras variables. MÉTODOS. Se trata de un estudio transversal. La cobertura del programa vacunal se estudió en toda la población diana de la provincia. Para el estudio de la inmunorrespuesta se obtuvo una muestra de 338 alumnos, mediante muestreo aleatorio sistemático. Se cuantificaron los títulos de anti-HBs al 6º mes de la tercera dosis, considerándose niveles protectores los iguales o superiores a 10 mU/ml. RESULTADOS. El porcentaje de personas correctamente vacunadas fue del 82,7%. La tasa de seroprotección global fue del 97,5%. El 46,7% de la muestra respondieron con títulos superiores a 1000 mU/ml. Existió relación inversa estadísticamente significativa (p<0,001) entre el nivel de anti-HBs y el de Quetelet. No encontramos diferencias significativas entre los dos sexos al comparar los títulos postvacunales de anti-Hbs CONCLUSIONES. Estimamos satisfactoria la cobertura alcanzada y buena la inmunogenicidad de la vacuna. La obesidad es un factor predictor de baja respuesta a la misma. Esta respuesta no se ve influenciada por el sexo

Effect of microwave energy on grain quality of four Spanish rice varieties

A microwave system can be used as an alternative method to methyl bromide to control rice storage pests. Four rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) grown in Spain (¿Bomba¿, ¿Senia¿, ¿Puntal¿ and ¿Thainato¿) were irradiated with three levels of microwave energy (0, 70 and 100 J g¿1). Rice quality attributes were analysed to establish hypothetical quality changes in order to use microwave energy as an alternative method to control pests. Results of the factorial analysis showed that the analysed attributes differed more within varieties than among microwave treatments of the varieties, except for ¿Thainato¿ which, after applying microwave energy of 100 J g¿1, presented a different adhesiveness from the other two treatments determined by factor 1 and ¿Puntal¿ treated with microwaves presented a different water uptake and loss of solids in cooking water determined by factor 3 than the control. The increase in hardness and decrease in adhesiveness as a consequence of the microwave treatment could possibly damage rice quality. This aspect must be taken into account with this method. In conclusion, microwave energy can be used as an alternative method of insect control because it does not seriously affect rice quality. Microwave treatments did not leave undesirable residues and could be as effective at controlling insect infestation as any procedure currently available.A fin de analizar la utilización de energía microondas como método alternativo al bromuro de metilo para el control de plagas en arroz almacenado, se irradiaron cuatro variedades de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) cultivadas en España (¿Bomba¿, ¿Puntal¿, ¿Senia¿ y ¿Thainato¿) con dos niveles de energía microondas (0, 70 y 100 J g¿1). Se analizaron las posibles modificaciones de los atributos de calidad del arroz debidos al empleo de energía microondas. Los resultados demuestran que existen más diferencias de los atributos de calidad entre las diferentes variedades que entre tratamientos microondas, únicamente ¿Thainato¿ con el tratamiento de 100 J g¿1 de energía microondas se diferenció de los otros dos tratamientos en el atributo adhesividad determinado por el factor 1 y ¿Puntal¿ tratado con microondas se diferenció del control en los atributos absorción de agua y sólidos cedidos al agua de cocción determinados por el factor 3. El aumento de consistencia y la disminución de la adhesividad como consecuencia del tratamiento microondas podrían ser un posible peligro para la calidad del arroz a tener en cuenta con este método. Por tanto, se puede afirmar que la energía microondas puede ser un método alternativo de desinsectación, ya que no afecta de forma significativa a la calidad del arroz, no deja residuos y es tan efectiva como cualquier método de desinsectación disponible hoy día

Agronomic Response of 13 Spanish Red Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Cultivars under Drought Conditions in a Semi-Arid Mediterranean Climate

Drought is perhaps the most important abiotic stressor affecting plants. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is a drought-tolerant species, and this feature makes it a traditional crop in semi-arid climate areas. However, not all cultivars respond to drought in the same way. Many studies on grapevine drought response have focused on physiological traits. This study mainly used agronomic indicators to assess the drought response of 13 red cultivars. Our results revealed high variability in must isotope ratios (&delta;13C and &delta;18O), yield components, and grape must quality. Bobal, Garnacha Peluda, Garnacha Tinta, Mazuela, and Moribel cultivars responded well to drought conditions, simultaneously maintaining high yields and must quality. By contrast, Garnacha Tintorera, Forcallat Tinta, and Tempranillo cultivars showed high water use efficiency but had low yield and must quality. Therefore, these cultivars can be considered poorly adapted to drought conditions. By knowing which cultivars perform well under drought conditions, viticulturists can reduce their reliance on water irrigation and continue to maintain vineyard sustainability in current and future semi-arid climatic conditions. This research also contributes novel information about the Castilla-La Mancha region, where there have been no previous similar assays

Effect of two water deficit regimes on phenolic composition of 15 recovered grapevine varieties in Castilla-La Mancha region (Spain): A comparison with national and international varieties

As a consequence of the climate change effects, the chemical composition of wine grapes is being altered, particularly the phenolic components. For this reason, the drought effect on the phenolic composition of an extensive group of white and red varieties grown under a semi-arid continental Mediterranean climate (La Mancha, Spain) was studied in the 2021 vintage. The study was based on the comparison of the phenolic compounds of minority varieties, using other widely cultivated varieties as a reference. The results obtained indicated that there are currently little-known varieties that can equal or even improve to other reference varieties in terms of phenolic composition. Such varieties may be a good alternative for maintaining wine quality in present and future climate change scenarios

Variability in the Agronomic Behavior of 12 White Grapevine Varieties Grown under Severe Water Stress Conditions in the La Mancha Wine Region

Viticulture around the world is currently affected by climate change, which is causing an increasing scarcity of water resources necessary for the maintenance of vineyards. Despite the drought hardiness of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), this threat seriously compromises its cultivation in the near future, particularly in wine-growing areas with a semi-arid climate. Identifying varieties capable of producing suitable yields and good-quality grapes under drought conditions is integral to ensuring the sustainability of the wine sector. This study focuses on vines from both minority and widely grown varieties, which were supplied only with the water intended to ensure their survival. The carbon and oxygen isotope ratios, yield, and quality parameters were evaluated on the vines and musts during the period of 2018–2020. The results revealed that not all varieties responded equally well to drought. Albillo Real, Coloraillo, Macabeo, and Verdejo adapted well to drought conditions, simultaneously maintaining high yields and must quality. By contrast, Pedro Ximénez can be considered poorly adapted. This variety was the one that produced the lowest yield and had low acidity levels in the must