Modelado y animación en 3D de un motor de vapor oscilante de dos cilindros tipo bóxer

En este proyecto se quiere resaltar la gran trascendencia que tuvo la invención de la máquina de vapor, uno de los mecanismos más importantes de la historia científico técnica cuyas aplicaciones y mejoras implicaron transformaciones socioeconómicas, tecnológicas y culturales que desembocaron en la primera revolución industrial a mediados del siglo XVIII Para ello, tras un breve recorrido por la historia de los motores, desde su nacimiento hasta la actualidad, se modela y recrea virtualmente un motor de vapor oscilante de dos cilindros tipo bóxer. La recreación que se efectúa del movimiento del mecanismo permitirá mostrar su funcionamiento y el proceso de conversión energético que se produce al transformar la energía térmica del vapor en energía mecánica, posibilitando el accionamiento de otros mecanismos auxiliares. El software Solid Edge de Diseño Asistido por Ordenador (CAD) es el elegido como herramienta de trabajo. Se modelan cada una de las piezas que componen el motor y se justifica el aspecto funcional de los diferentes grupos de componentes que conforman el dispositivo para mostrar el papel que juegan dentro del funcionamiento del mecanismo, así como las relaciones existentes entre ellos, de manera que el ensamblaje del conjunto pueda llevar a cabo la tarea para la que fue diseñado y realizar la posterior simulación del movimiento. Destacar la capacidad y potencia de la herramienta Solid Edge al generar los modelos 3D de piezas incluso con geometrías complicadas, que requieren de operaciones de diseño únicas con cierto grado de complejidad para definir parámetros específicos de manera práctica y funcional.This project wants to highlight the importance of the steam engine, one of the most important mechanisms in technical scientific history whose applications involved socio-economic, technological and cultural transformations that led to the first industrial revolution in the mid-18th century. To do this, after a brief journey through the history of engines, from their birth to the present, a boxer-type oscillating two-cylinder steam engine is modeled and virtually recreated. The recreation that takes place of the movement of the mechanism will allow to show its operation and the energy conversion process that occurs when transforming the energy of steam into mechanical energy, giving the engine the category of energy generator for the activation of other auxiliary mechanisms. Solid Edge computer-aided design (CAD) software is chosen as the working tool. Each of the parts that make up the engine are modeled and the functional aspect of the different groups of components that make up the device is justified to show the role they play within the operation of the mechanism, as well as the relationships between them, so that the assembly can carry out the task for which it was designed carrying out the subsequent simulation of the movement. Highlight the capacity and power of the Solid Edge tool when generating 3D models of parts even with complicated geometries, which require specific design operations with a certain degree of complexityUniversidad de Sevilla. Grado en Ingeniería de Tecnologías Industriale

The Limited Effect of Graphic Elements in Video and Augmented Reality on Children’s Listening Comprehension

There is currently significant interest in the use of instructional strategies in learning environments thanks to the emergence of new multimedia systems that combine text, audio, graphics and video, such as augmented reality (AR). In this light, this study compares the effectiveness of AR and video for listening comprehension tasks. The sample consisted of thirty-two elementary school students with different reading comprehension. Firstly, the experience, instructions and objectives were introduced to all the students. Next, they were divided into two groups to perform activities—one group performed an activity involving watching an Educational Video Story of the Laika dog and her Space Journey available by mobile devices app Blue Planet Tales, while the other performed an activity involving the use of AR, whose contents of the same history were visualized by means of the app Augment Sales. Once the activities were completed participants answered a comprehension test. Results (p = 0.180) indicate there are no meaningful differences between the lesson format and test performance. But there are differences between the participants of the AR group according to their reading comprehension level. With respect to the time taken to perform the comprehension test, there is no significant difference between the two groups but there is a difference between participants with a high and low level of comprehension. To conclude SUS (System Usability Scale) questionnaire was used to establish the measure usability for the AR app on a smartphone. An average score of 77.5 out of 100 was obtained in this questionnaire, which indicates that the app has fairly good user-centered design

Propuesta de acreditación del Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa como Hospital Amigo de los Niños

La lactancia materna es el alimento más natural que se le puede ofrecer al niño durante los primeros meses de vida, y debido a sus innumerables beneficios tanto para la madre como para el niño, el más recomendado. Para aumentar la prevalencia de lactancia materna, la OMS y UNICEFF crearon la iniciativa Hospital Amigo de los Niños (IHAN), según la cual un hospital se acredita como IHAN si cumple los 16 requisitos que piden. Para ello, es necesario llevar a cabo estrategias que promueven e implementan la lactancia natural, sobre todo al finalizar el parto y en los días posteriores durante la estancia hospitalaria. Está demostrado que el personal sanitario y la información y ejemplo que este ofrezca tiene una gran repercusión en la toma de decisiones de la madre, por eso el hospital es el ambiente propicio para el fomento de la lactancia materna. Siguiendo las recomendaciones de este proyecto de mejora, el Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa podría acreditarse como IHAN, haciendo algunos cambios encaminados a mejorar la calidad de la atención y con la finalidad a que cada vez más madres se decanten por utilizar la lactancia materna exclusiva por lo menos hasta los 6 meses, cumpliendo así con las recomendaciones que la OMS establece

Laccase-Mediator Pretreatment of Wheat Straw Degrades Lignin and Improves Saccharification

14 páginas.-- 4 figuras.-- 4 tablas.-- 49 referenciasThe authors thank Dr. Angulo for performing the NMR analyses that were acquired on a Bruker AVANCE III 500-MHz instrument from the NMR facilities of the General Research Services of the University of Seville (SGI CITIUS)gricultural by-products such as wheat straw are attractive feedstocks for the production of second-generation bioethanol due to their high abundance. However, the presence of lignin in these lignocellulosic materials hinders the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. The purposes of this work are to study the ability of a laccase-mediator system to remove lignin improving saccharification, as a pretreatment of wheat straw, and to analyze the chemical modifications produced in the remaining lignin moiety. Up to 48 % lignin removal from ground wheat straw was attained by pretreatment with Pycnoporus cinnabarinus laccase and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) as mediator, followed by alkaline peroxide extraction. The lignin removal directly correlated with increases (∼60 %) in glucose yields after enzymatic saccharification. The pretreatment using laccase alone (without mediator) removed up to 18 % of lignin from wheat straw. Substantial lignin removal (37 %) was also produced when the enzyme-mediator pretreatment was not combined with the alkaline peroxide extraction. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) analysis of the whole pretreated wheat straw material swollen in dimethylsulfoxide-d6 revealed modifications of the lignin polymer, including the lower number of aliphatic side chains involved in main β-O-4′ and β-5′ inter-unit linkages per aromatic lignin unit. Simultaneously, the removal of p-hydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl, and syringyl lignin units and of p-coumaric and ferulic acids, as well as a moderate decrease of tricin units, was observed without a substantial change in the wood polysaccharide signals. Especially noteworthy was the formation of Cα-oxidized lignin units during the enzymatic treatment.This study was funded by the INDOX EU-project (KBBE-2013-7-613549); the LIGNOCELL, LIGNIN, NOESIS, and BIORENZYMERY Spanish MICINN (co-financed by FEDER funds) projects (AGL2011-25379, CTQ2014-60764-JIN, BIO2014-56388 R and AGL2014-53730-R); and the CSIC (201440E097) Project. A.P. thanks the Spanish MINECO for a FPI fellowship. A. Lomascolo and E. Record from INRA (Marseille, France) are acknowledged for the P. cinnabarinus laccase, and H. Lund and M. Tovborg from Novozymes (Bagsvaerd, Denmark) for Celluclast 1.5L and Novozyme 188.Peer reviewe

A structural characterization of the lignins from sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L) bagasse and straw

The structure of the lignins of sugarcane bagasse and straw was investigated. The lignins were characterized both in situ and in isolated preparations (Milled-Wood Lignin, MWL, and Cellulolytic Lignin, CEL) by Py-GC/MS and 2D-NMR. It was concluded that they are p-hydroxyphenyl-guaiacyl-syringyl lignins with associated p-coumarates and ferulates. 2D-NMR indicated that the main substructures present are β–O–4´-ethers, followed by β–5´ phenylcoumarans and with lower amounts of β–β´ resinols and β–1´ spirodienones.This study has been funded by the EU project LIGNODECO (KBBE-244362) and the Spanish project AGL2011-25379 (co-financed by FEDER funds). Jorge Rencoret thanks the CSIC for a JAE-DOC contract of the program “Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios” co-financed by Fondo Social Europeo (FSE). Funding provided by the Minas Gerais State Research Foundation (FAMEPIG) from the Brazilian National Council for Science and Technology Development (CNPq), and from the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) is greatly appreciated.N

Deciphering the unique structure and acylation pattern of Posidonia oceanica lignin

Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society. Lignins from different parts of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica-namely sheaths, rhizome, and roots-as well as from fibrous balls from P. oceanica detritus were isolated and thoroughly characterized by pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, derivatization followed by reductive cleavage, two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The lignins of P. oceanica were enriched in guaiacyl (G) over syringyl (S) units, with S/G ratios ranging from 0.1 (fibrous balls) to 0.5 (rhizome). β-O-4′ ethers and phenylcoumarans were the most abundant lignin substructures, followed by resinols, and minor amounts of dibenzodioxocins and spirodienones. Moreover, all lignins were found to be highly I-Acylated (up to 44% of total units), mainly with p-hydroxybenzoates but also, to a lesser extent, with acetates. The data indicated that this acylation extensively occurred in both G-and S-lignin units, contrary to what happens in palms, poplar, and willow, where p-hydroxybenzoates overwhelmingly appear at the I-position of S-units

Enhanced emotional reactivity after selective REM sleep deprivation in humans: an fMRI study

Converging evidence from animal and human studies suggest that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep modulates emotional processing. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of selective REM sleep deprivation (REM-D) on emotional responses to threatening visual stimuli and their brain correlates using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty healthy subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: selective REM-D, by awakening them at each REM sleep onset, or non-rapid eye movement sleep interruptions (NREM-I) as control for potential non-specific effects of awakenings and lack of sleep. In a within-subject design, a visual emotional reactivity task was performed in the scanner before and 24 h after sleep manipulation. Behaviorally, emotional reactivity was enhanced relative to baseline (BL) in the REM deprived group only. In terms of fMRI signal, there was, as expected, an overall decrease in activity in the NREM-I group when subjects performed the task the second time, particularly in regions involved in emotional processing, such as occipital and temporal areas, as well as in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, involved in top-down emotion regulation. In contrast, activity in these areas remained the same level or even increased in the REM-D group, compared to their BL level. Taken together, these results suggest that lack of REM sleep in humans is associated with enhanced emotional reactivity, both at behavioral and neural levels, and thus highlight the specific role of REM sleep in regulating the neural substrates for emotional responsiveness

Oxidation of model lipids representative for main paper pulp lipophilic extractives by the laccase-mediator system.

Several model lipids representative for main paper pulp lipophilic extractives - including alkanes, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, resin acids, free and esterified sterols, and triglycerides – were treated with Pycnoporus cinnabarinus laccase in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole as mediator. The reaction products were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The laccase alone decreased the amount of some unsaturated lipids, however, the most rapid and extensive lipid modification was obtained with the laccase-mediator system. Most unsaturated lipids were largely oxidized and the dominant oxidation products detected were epoxy and hydroxy-fatty acids from fatty acids, and free and esterified 7-ketosterols and steroid ketones from sterols and sterol esters. In contrast, saturated lipids were not modified, although some of them were oxidized when the enzymatic reactions were carried out in the presence of unsaturated lipids. The results obtained are discussed in the context of enzymatic control of pitch deposits, to explain the removal of lipid mixtures during laccase-mediator treatment of different pulp types.This study was funded by the BIORENEW EU-project (NMP2-CT-2006-026456) and the Spanish MEC (BIO2007-28719-E). Beldem (Andenne, Belgium) is acknowledged for laccase supply. S.M. thanks the Spanish CSIC and CELESA for an I3P contract and J.R thanks the CSIC for an I3P fellowship.Peer reviewe

Towards industrially-feasible delignification and pitch removal by treating paper pulp with Myceliophthora thermophila laccase and a phenolic mediator

The ability of two natural phenols to act as mediators of the recombinant Myceliophthora thermophila laccase (MtL) in eucalypt-pulp delignification was investigated. After alkaline peroxide extraction, the properties of the enzymatically-treated pulps improved with respect to the control. The pulp brightness increased (3.1 points) after the enzymatic treatment with MtL alone, but the highest improvements were obtained after the MtL treatment using syringaldehyde (4.7 points) and especially methyl syringate (8.3 points) as mediators. Likewise, a decrease in kappa number up to 2.7 points was obtained after the MtL–methyl syringate treatment, followed by decreases of 1.4 and 0.9 points after the treatments with MtL–syringaldehyde and MtL alone, respectively. On the other hand, removal of the main lipophilic extractives present in eucalypt pulp was observed after the above laccase–mediator treatments. Finally, the doses of both MtL and methyl syringate were reduced, and results compatible with industrial implementation were obtained.This study was funded by the BIORENEW and LIGNODECO EU projects (NMP2-CT-2006-026456 and KBBE-2009-3-244362, respectively) and the ELLE and RAPERO Spanish MICINN (co-financed by FEDER funds) projects AGL2008-00709 and BIO2008-01533, respectively).Peer reviewe

Analysis of Arterial Blood Gas Values Based on Storage Time Since Sampling: An Observational Study

[Abstract] Aim: To evaluate the influence of time on arterial blood gas values after artery puncture is performed. Method: Prospective longitudinal observational study carried out with gasometric samples from 86 patients, taken at different time intervals (0 (T0), 15 (T15), 30 (T30) and 60 (T60) min), from 21 October 2019 to 21 October 2020. The study variables were: partial pressure of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, hematocrit, hemoglobin, potassium, lactic acid, pH, partial pressure of oxygen, saturation of oxygen, sodium and glucose. Results: The initial sample consisted of a total of 90 patients. Out of all the participants, four were discarded as they did not understand the purpose of the study; therefore, the total number of participants was 86, 51% of whom were men aged 72.59 on average (SD: 16.23). In the intra-group analysis, differences in PCO2, HCO3, hematocrit, Hb, K+ and and lactic acid were observed between the initial time of the test and the 15, 30 and 60 min intervals. In addition, changes in pH, pO2, SO2, Na and glucose were noted 30 min after the initial sample had been taken. Conclusions: The variation in the values, despite being significant, has no clinical relevance. Consequently, the recommendation continues to be the analysis of the GSA at the earliest point to ensure the highest reliability of the data and to provide the patient with the most appropriate treatment based on those results