Aerobiological and phenological study of the vineyards in the denomination of origin Montilla-Moriles

El viñedo es uno de los cultivos perennes más abundantes en el mundo, con las mayores concentraciones de hectáreas localizadas en Europa. Una de las principales amenazas para este cultivo son las enfermedades fúngicas, siendo las principales el Mildiu (Uncinula necator), el Oídio (Plasmopara viticola) y la podredumbre gris (Botrytis cinerea). Un conocimiento sobre el contenido de esporas de hongos en el aire es considerado útil como indicador del desarrollo de patógenos, mientras que las concentraciones de polen aerovagante son una herramienta importante para el conocimiento de la intensidad y la estacionalidad de la floración. El objetivo principal de la tesis ha sido conocer las relaciones que existen entre la fenología del viñedo, el polen aerovagante y los factores meteorológicos, además del estudio de las esporas en el aire de hongos patógenos del viñedo. El estudio se ha realizado en cuatro viñedos de la DOP Montilla- Moriles durante el periodo 2015-2018. Las concentraciones de esporas de hongos y granos de polen se han monitorizado mediante dos tipos de captadores de impacto: uno tipo Hirst y varios captadores de tipo pasivo. Para el muestreo aerobiológico se procedió según el Manual de Calidad y Gestión de la Red Española de Aerobiología (REA) y los requerimientos mínimos de la European Aerobiogy Society (EAS). El análisis de los granos de polen se realizó mediante la lectura de la muestra superando el 10% de la superficie total y en el caso de las esporas de hongos superando el 5% de la superficie total. Los datos fenológicos se tomaron semanalmente (dos veces en semana durante la floración) para las 4 variedades a estudio (Pedro Ximénez, Verdejo, Moscatel de Grano menudo y Chardonnay). Mediante el programa R se realizaron correlaciones de Spearman para comparar las concentraciones de granos de polen y esporas de hongos con los parámetros meteorológicos. Debido a las complejas relaciones entre la meteorología y las concentraciones de granos de polen y esporas, se procedió también a la realización de Análisis de Redundancia (RDA) y árboles de decisión. Respecto a las esporas de hongos detectadas en la DOP, Uncinula necator ha sido la espora más común, seguida por Botrytis cinerea y, en último lugar, Plasmopara viticola. La mayor presencia de esporas se detectó durante los estadios previos a la floración, la temperatura media fue el factor que más afectó de forma significativa a las tres esporas. Botrytis cinerea ha presentado correlación con el punto de rocío, Plasmopara viticola con la humedad y el punto de rocío y Uncinula necator presenta mayor correlación con la precipitación aunque no significativamente. Los tipos polínicos más importantes en la zona de muestreo, por orden abundancia, fueron: Olea, Quercus, Poaceae, Urticaceae, Urtica membranacea, Vitis, Plantago, Pinus y Amaranthaceae. Los parámetros meteorológicos con mayor influencia para el contenido polínico fueron la temperatura y el punto de rocío. Se ha observado una correlación significativa entre las concentraciones de polen y esporas semanales de los captadores pasivos y el captador volumétrico, pero la integral estacional de esporas siempre fue más alta con el captador volumétrico que con los pasivos. La comparativa entre los captadores pasivos y el volumétrico pone de manifiesto una buena representación de la DOP con los datos obtenidos mediante el captador volumétrico, siendo éste el más recomendado para zonas amplias. En términos del período de floración, los cultivares estudiados se han clasificado como "cultivares tempranos". El espectro de polen en la zona de estudio es consecuencia del uso agrícola de la tierra, con altas concentraciones de algunos tipos de polen de especies cultivables, y una menor diversidad de otros tipos polínicos en el aire en comparación con estudios realizados en zonas urbanas. El análisis de RDA ha ofrecido una mejor explicación de la compleja relación entre los parámetros meteorológicos y el polen aerovagante, en comparación con los resultados del análisis de correlación Spearman.The vineyard is one of the most abundant perennial crops in the world, with the highest concentrations of hectares located in Europe. Principal vineyard diseases are powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), and downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). Knowledge about airborne fungal spore concentrations is useful as indicator of pathogen development, while airborne pollen concentrations are an important tool for studying the timing and intensity of flowering. The main goal of the thesis has been to know the relationships between the phenology of the vineyard, the airborne pollen and meteorological factors, as well as the study about pathogenic fungal spores causing diseases in the vineyard. The study was carried out in four vineyards of the PDO Montilla- Moriles during the 2015-2018 period. The concentrations of fungal spores and pollen grains have been monitored using two types of impact collectors: a Hirst type and several passive spore traps (PTS). For aerobiological sampling, we proceeded according to the Management and Quality manual of the Spanish Network of Aerobiology (REA) and the minimum requirements of the European Aerobiogy Society (EAS). The analysis of pollen grains was performed exceeding 10% of the total surface area of the daily sample and for fungal spores the 5%. Phenological data were taken weekly (twice a week during flowering) for the 4 varieties under study (Pedro Ximénez, Verdejo, Small Grains Muscat and Chardonnay). Using the R program, Spearman correlations were made to compare pollen and fungal spore concentrations with the meteorological parameters. Due to the complex correlations between meteorology and pollen and spore concentrations, Redundancy Analysis (RDA) and decision trees were also carried out. Regarding fungal spores detected in the PDO, Uncinula necator has been the most common spore, followed by Botrytis cinerea and Plasmopara viticola. The highest presence of spores was detected during the stages prior to flowering; the average temperature was the factor that most significantly affected the three spores. Botrytis cinérea has correlated with dew point, Plasmopara viticola with moisture and dew point and Uncinula necator with rainfall but not significantly. The most important pollen types in the sampling area, in order of abundance, were: Olea, Quercus, Poaceae, Urticaceae, Urtica membranacea, Vitis, Plantago, Pinus and Amaranthaceae. The meteorological parameters with greatest influence on airborne pollen were the temperature and the dew point. A significant correlation has been observed between the weekly pollen and spore concentrations of the passive and Hirst-type samplers, but the seasonal spore integral was always higher for the Hirst-type sampler than for the passive ones. The comparison between the passive and the Hirst samplers shows the good representation of the PDO according to the data obtained by the Hirst sampler, being the most recommended for large areas. In terms of the flowering period, the cultivars studied have been classified as "early cultivars". The pollen spectrum in the study area is a consequence of agricultural land use, increasing the pollen concentrations of cultivated species and decreasing the diversity of pollen types in the air. The RDA analysis has offered a better explanation of the complex relationship between the meteorological parameters and airborne pollen, comparing with the results of the Spearman correlation analysis between the studied variables

First Long-Time Airborne Fungal Spores Study in Dublin, Ireland (1978–1980)

Ambient fungal spores within the atmosphere can contribute to a range of negative human, animal and plant health conditions and diseases. However, trends in fungal spore seasonality, species prevalence, and geographical origin have been significantly understudied in Ireland. Previously unpublished data from the late 1970s have recently been collected and analysed to establish historical fungal spore trends/characteristics for Dublin. Historical spore concentrations were largely dominated by Alternaria, Ascospores, Basidiospores, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Erysiphe and Rusts. The main fungal spore season for Dublin commenced in April with the fructification of Scopulariopsis and Ganoderma. However, the vast majority of other spore types did not reach peak spore release until late summer. The correlation between ambient spore concentration, and meteorological parameters was examined using Multivariable Regression Tree (MRT) analysis. The notable correlations found for fungal spore concentrations tended to involve temperature-based parameters. The use of a non-parametric wind regression was also employed to determine the potential geographical origin of ambient fungal spores. The impact of wind direction, and high windspeed on fungal spores was established, ultimately highlighting the importance of studying and monitoring fungal spores within Ireland, rather than attempting to rely on data from other regions, as most fungal spores collected in Dublin appeared to originate from within the island

Airborne Fungal Spore Review, New Advances and Automatisation

Fungal spores make up a significant portion of Primary Biological Aerosol Particles (PBAPs) with large quantities of such particles noted in the air. Fungal particles are of interest because of their potential to affect the health of both plants and humans. They are omnipresent in the atmosphere year-round, with concentrations varying due to meteorological parameters and location. Equally, differences between indoor and outdoor fungal spore concentrations and dispersal play an important role in occupational health. This review attempts to summarise the different spore sampling methods, identify the most important spore types in terms of negative effects on crops and the public, the factors affecting their growth/dispersal, and different methods of predicting fungal spore concentrations currently in use

Didactic resources for the localization and identification of mosses and liverworts in the city of Cordoba

Este proyecto trata de utilizar la ciudad de Córdoba como recurso educativo para la enseñanza del mundo vegetal, en concreto musgos y hepáticas. Se trata de acercar al alumnado estos organismos, que aunque pasan desapercibidos por su pequeño tamaño, están presentes en las ciudades. El objetivo ha sido diseñar rutas que se puedan realizar con alumnado en las que sea frecuente encontrar especies de briofitos y aportarles material para realizar de forma autónoma la identificación de las especies. Se han desarrollado itinerarios por la ciudad de Córdoba y por el Campus Universitario de Rabanales en los que se han añadido con una señal las especies que se pueden encontrar en cada uno de los puntos marcados a lo largo de la ruta, para que el alumnado pueda encontrar las especies sin dificultad. Se ha elaborado también una guía didáctica que incluye una pequeña introducción de los briofitos, una clave dicotómica para la identificación de las especies, utilizado caracteres morfológicos fácilmente observables a simple vista y una guía fotográfica con fotos y descripciones detalladas de las especies de hepáticas y musgos que se han encontrado con frecuencia en la ciudad. El material se ha elaborado en español y en inglés.This project tries to use the city of Córdoba as educational resource for teaching plant biology, specifically mosses and liverworts. The aim is to bring these organisms closer to the students since, although they go unnoticed due to their small size, they are present in cities. The objectives have been to design routes to be done with students where it is common to find bryophytes and to provide students with material so they can carry out the identification in an autonomous way. A series of itineraries have been developed in the city of Córdoba and in the University Campus of Rabanales. The species that can be found in each of the marked point along the route have been marked with a label so that the students can find the species without difficulty and at the same time a didactic guide has been elaborated including a small introduction of bryophytes, a dichotomous key for identification of the species using morphological characters observable to the naked eye and a photographic guide with photos and detailed descriptions of the liver and moss species that have been found frequently in the city of Córdoba. This material has been prepared in Spanish and English

First Long-Time Airborne Fungal Spores Study in Dublin, Ireland (1978–1980)

Ambient fungal spores within the atmosphere can contribute to a range of negative human, animal and plant health conditions and diseases. However, trends in fungal spore seasonality, species prevalence, and geographical origin have been significantly understudied in Ireland. Previously unpublished data from the late 1970s have recently been collected and analysed to establish historical fungal spore trends/characteristics for Dublin. Historical spore concentrations were largely dominated by Alternaria, Ascospores, Basidiospores, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Erysiphe and Rusts. The main fungal spore season for Dublin commenced in April with the fructification of Scopulariopsis and Ganoderma. However, the vast majority of other spore types did not reach peak spore release until late summer. The correlation between ambient spore concentration, and meteorological parameters was examined using Multivariable Regression Tree (MRT) analysis. The notable correlations found for fungal spore concentrations tended to involve temperature-based parameters. The use of a non-parametric wind regression was also employed to determine the potential geographical origin of ambient fungal spores. The impact of wind direction, and high windspeed on fungal spores was established, ultimately highlighting the importance of studying and monitoring fungal spores within Ireland, rather than attempting to rely on data from other regions, as most fungal spores collected in Dublin appeared to originate from within the island

A Modified Spectroscopic Approach for the Real-Time Detection of Pollen and Fungal Spores at a Semi-Urban Site Using the WIBS-4+, Part I

International audienceThis article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC B

A comprehensive aerobiological study of the airborne pollen in the Irish environment

International audienceAbstract Respiratory allergies triggered by pollen allergens represent a significant health concern to the Irish public. Up to now, Ireland has largely refrained from participating in long-term aerobiological studies. Recently, pollen monitoring has commenced in several sampling locations around Ireland. The first results of the pollen monitoring campaigns for Dublin (urban) and Carlow (rural) concerning the period 2017–2019 and 2018–2019, respectively, are presented herein. Additional unpublished pollen data from 1978–1980 and, 2010–2011 were also incorporated in creating the first pollen calendar for Dublin. During the monitoring period over 60 pollen types were identified with an average Annual Pollen Integral (APIn) of 32,217 Pollen × day/m 3 for Dublin and 78,411 Pollen × day/m 3 for Carlow. The most prevalent pollen types in Dublin were: Poaceae (32%), Urticaceae (29%), Cupressaceae/Taxaceae (11%), Betula (10%), Quercus (4%), Pinus (3%), Fraxinus (2%), Alnus (2%) and Platanus (1%). The predominant pollen types in Carlow were identified as Poaceae (70%), Urticaceae (12%) , Betula (10%), Quercus (2%), Fraxinus (1%) and Pinus (1%). These prevalent pollen types increased in annual pollen concentration in both locations from 2018 to 2019 except for Fraxinus. Although higher pollen concentrations were observed for the Carlow (rural) site a greater variety of pollen types were identified for the Dublin (urban) site. The general annual trend in the pollen season began with the release of tree pollen in early spring, followed by the release of grass and herbaceous pollen which dominated the summer months with the annual pollen season coming to an end in October. This behaviour was illustrated for 21 different pollen types in the Dublin pollen calendar. The correlation between ambient pollen concentration and meteorological parameters was also examined and differed greatly depending on the location and study year. A striking feature was a substantial fraction of the recorded pollen sampled in Dublin did not correlate with the prevailing wind directions. However, using non-parametric wind regression, specific source regions could be determined such as Alnus originating from the Southeast, Betula originating from the East and Poaceae originating from the Southwest

Recursos didácticos para la localización e identificación de musgos y hepáticas en la ciudad de Córdoba

Este proyecto trata de utilizar la ciudad de Córdoba como recurso educativo para la enseñanza del mundo vegetal, en concreto musgos y hepáticas. Se trata de acercar al alumnado estos organismos, que aunque pasan desapercibidos por su pequeño tamaño, están presentes en las ciudades. El objetivo ha sido diseñar rutas que se puedan realizar con alumnado en las que sea frecuente encontrar especies de briofitos y aportarles material para realizar de forma autónoma la identificación de las especies. Se han desarrollado itinerarios por la ciudad de Córdoba y por el Campus Universitario de Rabanales en los que se han añadido con una señal las especies que se pueden encontrar en cada uno de los puntos marcados a lo largo de la ruta, para que el alumnado pueda encontrar las especies sin dificultad. Se ha elaborado también una guía didáctica que incluye una pequeña introducción de los briofitos, una clave dicotómica para la identificación de las especies, utilizado caracteres morfológicos fácilmente observables a simple vista y una guía fotográfica con fotos y descripciones detalladas de las especies de hepáticas y musgos que se han encontrado con frecuencia en la ciudad. El material se ha elaborado en español y en inglés