Analysis of fit on implants of chrome cobalt versus titanium frameworks made by cad / cam milling

This study analyzed the degree of passive and vertical fit achieved in frameworks using either cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) or titanium (Ti) implant-supported fixed partial dentures ( FPDs) fabricated with a CAD/CAM milling technique. 33 3-unit FDPs, 17 of Co-Cr metal alloy (test group) and 16 of Ti (control group), were manufactured with two implants by copy milled technology. Optical microscopy was used to measure passive fit (PF) and vertical fit (VF) in all frameworks. The PF was evaluated by using the Single Screw test and the VF with the screws tightened at 20 Ncm. Descriptive and inferential analysis were performed to evaluate statistically significant differences in the tested groups for each fit. Brunner-Langer models were applied to assess potential material and implant area effects on the measurements. An ANOVA test was performed to estimate both main effects and interactions. The average PF values in the screwed implant were 4.43 ± 0.52 µm for Ti and 5.50 ± 1.61 µm for Co-Cr and in the non-screwed implant 5.59 ± 1.32 µm in the group Ti and 6.25 ± 1.55 µm the Co-Cr group. In this last implant, it was not observed statistically significant differences between both types of alloy (p = 0.178) nor between zones. Ti control group exhibited a significantly better VF than Co-Cr (p = 0.046) in the screwed implant but there were no differences in the implant not screwed. The VF in the non-screwed implant was better in lingual than in buccal zone. The PF and VF measurements observed in Co-Cr frameworks are clinically acceptable. 3-unit implant supported FPDs made with Co-Cr alloy using milling technique showed similar dimensional accuracy than those obtained with Ti

Biodegradability and disintegration of multilayer starch films with electrospun PCL fibres encapsulating carvacrol

[EN] The biodegradation and disintegration of thermoplastic starch multilayers containing carvacrol(CA)-loaded poly-(epsilon-caprolactone) electrospun mats were evaluated under thermophilic composting conditions for 45 and 84 days, respectively, and compared with non-loaded carvacrol films and pure starch films. Sample mass loss, thermogravimetric and visual analyses were performed throughout the disintegration test. The disintegration behaviour of all multilayers was similar, reaching values of 75-80% after 84 days. Biodegradation, assessed by carbon dioxide measurements, revealed that all the carvacrol-free films completely biodegraded after 25 composting days. However, the presence of CA notably affected the compost inoculum activity, thus limiting the biodegradability of the CA-loaded multilayers to a maximum value of around 85% after 45 days. Nevertheless, this value was close to that established by the standard ISO method to qualify as biodegradable material.The authors thank the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO, Spain) for funding this study through the pre-doctoral grant BES-2014-068100 and through the investigation project AGL2016-76699-R.Tampau, A.; González Martínez, MC.; Chiralt Boix, MA. (2020). Biodegradability and disintegration of multilayer starch films with electrospun PCL fibres encapsulating carvacrol. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 173:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109100S18173Thompson, R. C., Moore, C. J., vom Saal, F. S., & Swan, S. H. (2009). Plastics, the environment and human health: current consensus and future trends. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1526), 2153-2166. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0053Jahan, S., Strezov, V., Weldekidan, H., Kumar, R., Kan, T., Sarkodie, S. A., … Wilson, S. P. (2019). Interrelationship of microplastic pollution in sediments and oysters in a seaport environment of the eastern coast of Australia. Science of The Total Environment, 695, 133924. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133924Li, J., Qu, X., Su, L., Zhang, W., Yang, D., Kolandhasamy, P., … Shi, H. (2016). Microplastics in mussels along the coastal waters of China. Environmental Pollution, 214, 177-184. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.012Renzi, M., Guerranti, C., & Blašković, A. (2018). Microplastic contents from maricultured and natural mussels. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 131, 248-251. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.035Santana, M. F. M., Ascer, L. G., Custódio, M. R., Moreira, F. T., & Turra, A. (2016). Microplastic contamination in natural mussel beds from a Brazilian urbanized coastal region: Rapid evaluation through bioassessment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 106(1-2), 183-189. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.074Watts, A. J. R., Urbina, M. A., Corr, S., Lewis, C., & Galloway, T. S. (2015). Ingestion of Plastic Microfibers by the Crab Carcinus maenas and Its Effect on Food Consumption and Energy Balance. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(24), 14597-14604. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b04026Jinhui, S., Sudong, X., Yan, N., Xia, P., Jiahao, Q., & Yongjian, X. (2019). Effects of microplastics and attached heavy metals on growth, immunity, and heavy metal accumulation in the yellow seahorse, Hippocampus kuda Bleeker. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 149, 110510. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110510Qiao, R., Deng, Y., Zhang, S., Wolosker, M. B., Zhu, Q., Ren, H., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Accumulation of different shapes of microplastics initiates intestinal injury and gut microbiota dysbiosis in the gut of zebrafish. Chemosphere, 236, 124334. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.065Heimowska, A., Morawska, M., & Bocho-Janiszewska, A. (2017). Biodegradation of poly(ε-caprolactone) in natural water environments. Polish Journal of Chemical Technology, 19(1), 120-126. doi:10.1515/pjct-2017-0017Ortega-Toro, R., Contreras, J., Talens, P., & Chiralt., A. (2015). Physical and structural properties and thermal behaviour of starch-poly(ɛ-caprolactone) blend films for food packaging. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 5, 10-20. doi:10.1016/j.fpsl.2015.04.001Tampau, A., González-Martínez, C., & Chiralt, A. (2018). Release kinetics and antimicrobial properties of carvacrol encapsulated in electrospun poly-(ε-caprolactone) nanofibres. Application in starch multilayer films. Food Hydrocolloids, 79, 158-169. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.12.021Tampau, A., González-Martinez, C., & Chiralt, A. (2017). Carvacrol encapsulation in starch or PCL based matrices by electrospinning. Journal of Food Engineering, 214, 245-256. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.07.005Ramos, M., Jiménez, A., Peltzer, M., & Garrigós, M. C. (2012). Characterization and antimicrobial activity studies of polypropylene films with carvacrol and thymol for active packaging. Journal of Food Engineering, 109(3), 513-519. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.10.031Ben Arfa, A., Preziosi-Belloy, L., Chalier, P., & Gontard, N. (2007). Antimicrobial Paper Based on a Soy Protein Isolate or Modified Starch Coating Including Carvacrol and Cinnamaldehyde. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(6), 2155-2162. doi:10.1021/jf0626009Ultee, A., Bennik, M. H. J., & Moezelaar, R. (2002). The Phenolic Hydroxyl Group of Carvacrol Is Essential for Action against the Food-Borne Pathogen Bacillus cereus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(4), 1561-1568. doi:10.1128/aem.68.4.1561-1568.2002Tunc, S., Chollet, E., Chalier, P., Preziosi-Belloy, L., & Gontard, N. (2007). Combined effect of volatile antimicrobial agents on the growth of Penicillium notatum. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 113(3), 263-270. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.07.004Tepe, B., Sokmen, M., Akpulat, H. A., Daferera, D., Polissiou, M., & Sokmen, A. (2005). Antioxidative activity of the essential oils of Thymus sipyleus subsp. sipyleus var. sipyleus and Thymus sipyleus subsp. sipyleus var. rosulans. Journal of Food Engineering, 66(4), 447-454. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.04.015Gursul, S., Karabulut, I., & Durmaz, G. (2019). Antioxidant efficacy of thymol and carvacrol in microencapsulated walnut oil triacylglycerols. Food Chemistry, 278, 805-810. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.134(2012). Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of phenol derivatives containing ring-alkyl, ring-alkoxy and side-chains with an oxygenated functional group (chemical group 25) when used as flavourings for all species. EFSA Journal, 10(2), 2573. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2573Kavoosi, G., Dadfar, S. M. M., Mohammadi Purfard, A., & Mehrabi, R. (2013). Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Gelatin Films Incorporated with Carvacrol. Journal of Food Safety, 33(4), 423-432. doi:10.1111/jfs.12071López-Mata, M., Ruiz-Cruz, S., Silva-Beltrán, N., Ornelas-Paz, J., Zamudio-Flores, P., & Burruel-Ibarra, S. (2013). Physicochemical, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Chitosan Films Incorporated with Carvacrol. Molecules, 18(11), 13735-13753. doi:10.3390/molecules181113735Higueras, L., López-Carballo, G., Hernández-Muñoz, P., Catalá, R., & Gavara, R. (2014). Antimicrobial packaging of chicken fillets based on the release of carvacrol from chitosan/cyclodextrin films. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 188, 53-59. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.018Balaguer, M. P., Villanova, J., Cesar, G., Gavara, R., & Hernandez-Munoz, P. (2015). Compostable properties of antimicrobial bioplastics based on cinnamaldehyde cross-linked gliadins. Chemical Engineering Journal, 262, 447-455. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2014.09.099Cano, A. I., Cháfer, M., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2016). Biodegradation behavior of starch-PVA films as affected by the incorporation of different antimicrobials. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 132, 11-20. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.04.014Talón, E., Vargas, M., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2019). Eugenol incorporation into thermoprocessed starch films using different encapsulating materials. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 21, 100326. doi:10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100326Castro-Aguirre, E., Auras, R., Selke, S., Rubino, M., & Marsh, T. (2017). Insights on the aerobic biodegradation of polymers by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide in simulated composting conditions. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 137, 251-271. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.01.017Collazo-Bigliardi, S., Ortega-Toro, R., & Chiralt Boix, A. (2018). Reinforcement of Thermoplastic Starch Films with Cellulose Fibres Obtained from Rice and Coffee Husks. Journal of Renewable Materials, 6(7), 599-610. doi:10.32604/jrm.2018.00127Sreekumar, P. A., Al-Harthi, M. A., & De, S. K. (2012). Studies on compatibility of biodegradable starch/polyvinyl alcohol blends. Polymer Engineering & Science, 52(10), 2167-2172. doi:10.1002/pen.23178Singh, R. ., Pandey, J. ., Rutot, D., Degée, P., & Dubois, P. (2003). Biodegradation of poly(ε-caprolactone)/starch blends and composites in composting and culture environments: the effect of compatibilization on the inherent biodegradability of the host polymer. Carbohydrate Research, 338(17), 1759-1769. doi:10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00236-2Yang, H.-S., Yoon, J.-S., & Kim, M.-N. (2005). Dependence of biodegradability of plastics in compost on the shape of specimens. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 87(1), 131-135. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.07.016Murphy, C. A., Cameron, J. A., Huang, S. J., & Vinopal, R. T. (1996). Fusarium polycaprolactone depolymerase is cutinase. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62(2), 456-460. doi:10.1128/aem.62.2.456-460.1996Murphy, C. A., Cameron, J. A., Huang, S. J., & Vinopal, R. T. (1998). A second polycaprolactone depolymerase from Fusarium , a lipase distinct from cutinase. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 50(6), 692-696. doi:10.1007/s002530051352Tokiwa, Y., Calabia, B., Ugwu, C., & Aiba, S. (2009). Biodegradability of Plastics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10(9), 3722-3742. doi:10.3390/ijms10093722Banerjee, A., Chatterjee, K., & Madras, G. (2015). Enzymatic degradation of polycaprolactone–gelatin blend. Materials Research Express, 2(4), 045303. doi:10.1088/2053-1591/2/4/045303Shen, J., & Bartha, R. (1997). Priming effect of glucose polymers in soil-based biodegradation tests. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29(8), 1195-1198. doi:10.1016/s0038-0717(97)00031-

Incorporation of natural antioxidants from rice straw into renewable starch films.

Abstract This study showed that rice straw waste is a valuable source for the extraction of water-soluble phenolic compounds that can be successfully incorporated into bioactive starch-based films. The major phenolic compounds in the extract were identified as ferulic, p-coumaric and protocatechuic acid using UHPLC-MS. Homogeneous films with antioxidant properties were produced by melt blending and compression molding and the changes in the physico-chemical properties were evaluated. The produced antioxidant starch films were slightly reddish-colored and exhibited good in-vitro antiradical scavenging activity against DPPH*. The addition of the antioxidant extract improved the oxygen barrier properties without negatively affecting the thermal and the water vapor barrier properties. However, antioxidant starch films turned more brittle with increasing amount of the antioxidant extract, which was probably due to interactions of phenolic compounds with the starch chains. The film forming process induced chain scission of starch molecules in all films, shown in a decrease in molecular weight of native starch from 9.1 × 106 Da to values as low as 1.0–3.5 × 106 Da. This study aids a circular economy by recycling rice straw for the production of bioactive food packaging

Use of tannins to enhance the functional properties of protein based films.

[EN] In this study, three tannins from different sources have been used (from white peel grape (W), red peel grape (R) and from oak bark (O)) to obtain active films based on proteins (caseinate and gelatin) on the basis of their natural origin and potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Films were obtained in two different ways: monolayer films, by homogeneously blending the tannins with the proteins and bilayer films, by coating the previously obtained protein film with the different tannin solutions. The microstructural, physicochemical characterisation as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the films were analysed. The interactions developed between tannins and protein matrices determined the physico-chemical properties of the films. Significant changes were only observed in tannin-caseinate films, due to the establishment of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, especially when using the tannin with the greatest phenolic content (W). Thus, the W tannin caseinate based films turned thicker, with markedly improved (p 3.0.co;2-uSánchez-González, L., González-Martínez, C., Chiralt, A., & Cháfer, M. (2010). Physical and antimicrobial properties of chitosan–tea tree essential oil composite films. Journal of Food Engineering, 98(4), 443-452. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.01.026Sánchez-Moreno, C., Larrauri, J. A., & Saura-Calixto, F. (1998). A procedure to measure the antiradical efficiency of polyphenols. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 76(2), 270-276. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199802)76:23.0.co;2-9Sanyang, M. L., Sapuan, S. M., Jawaid, M., Ishak, M. R., & Sahari, J. (2016). Development and characterization of sugar palm starch and poly(lactic acid) bilayer films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 146, 36-45. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.051Taguri, T., Tanaka, T., & Kouno, I. (2004). Antimicrobial Activity of 10 Different Plant Polyphenols against Bacteria Causing Food-Borne Disease. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 27(12), 1965-1969. doi:10.1248/bpb.27.1965Tournour, H. H., Segundo, M. A., Magalhães, L. M., Barreiros, L., Queiroz, J., & Cunha, L. M. (2015). Valorization of grape pomace: Extraction of bioactive phenolics with antioxidant properties. Industrial Crops and Products, 74, 397-406. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.05.055Tsali, A., & Goula, A. M. (2018). Valorization of grape pomace: Encapsulation and storage stability of its phenolic extract. Powder Technology, 340, 194-207. doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2018.09.011Utama, I. M. S., Wills, R. B. H., Ben-yehoshua Shimshon, & Kuek, C. (2002). In Vitro Efficacy of Plant Volatiles for Inhibiting the Growth of Fruit and Vegetable Decay Microorganisms. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(22), 6371-6377. doi:10.1021/jf020484dVon Staszewski, M., Pilosof, A. M. R., & Jagus, R. J. (2011). Antioxidant and antimicrobial performance of different Argentinean green tea varieties as affected by whey proteins. Food Chemistry, 125(1), 186-192. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.05

Antifungal Polyvinyl Alcohol Coatings Incorporating Carvacrol for the Postharvest Preservation of Golden Delicious Apple

[EN] Different polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coating formulations incorporating starch (S) and carvacrol (C) as the active agent were applied to Golden Delicious apples to evaluate their effectiveness at controlling weight loss, respiration rate, fruit firmness, and fungal decay against B. cinerea and P. expansum throughout storage time. Moreover, the impact of these coatings on the sensory attributes of the fruit was also analyzed. The application of the coatings did not notably affect the weight loss, firmness changes, or respiration pathway of apples, probably due to the low solid surface density of the coatings. Nevertheless, they exhibited a highly efficient disease control against both black and green mold growths, as a function of the carvacrol content and distribution in the films. The sensory analysis revealed the great persistence of the carvacrol aroma and flavor in the coated samples, which negatively impact the acceptability of the coated products.This research was funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (Spain) through the projects RTA2015-00037-C02-00 and PID2019-105207RB-I00.Sapper, M.; Martín-Esparza, M.; Chiralt Boix, MA.; González Martínez, MC. (2020). Antifungal Polyvinyl Alcohol Coatings Incorporating Carvacrol for the Postharvest Preservation of Golden Delicious Apple. Coatings. 10(11):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111027S1141011Gong, D., Bi, Y., Jiang, H., Xue, S., Wang, Z., Li, Y., … Prusky, D. (2019). A comparison of postharvest physiology, quality and volatile compounds of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Delicious’ apples inoculated with Penicillium expansum. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 150, 95-104. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2018.12.018Ma, L., He, J., Liu, H., & Zhou, H. (2017). The phenylpropanoid pathway affects apple fruit resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Journal of Phytopathology, 166(3), 206-215. doi:10.1111/jph.12677Nikkhah, M., Hashemi, M., Habibi Najafi, M. B., & Farhoosh, R. (2017). Synergistic effects of some essential oils against fungal spoilage on pear fruit. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 257, 285-294. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.06.021Batta, Y. A. (2004). Postharvest biological control of apple gray mold by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai formulated in an invert emulsion. Crop Protection, 23(1), 19-26. doi:10.1016/s0261-2194(03)00163-7Da Rocha Neto, A. C., Navarro, B. B., Canton, L., Maraschin, M., & Di Piero, R. M. (2019). Antifungal activity of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii), tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and star anise (Illicium verum) essential oils against Penicillium expansum and their mechanisms of action. LWT, 105, 385-392. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2019.02.060Dhall, R. K. (2013). Advances in Edible Coatings for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables: A Review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 53(5), 435-450. doi:10.1080/10408398.2010.541568Lin, D., & Zhao, Y. (2007). Innovations in the Development and Application of Edible Coatings for Fresh and Minimally Processed Fruits and Vegetables. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 6(3), 60-75. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2007.00018.xSánchez-González, L., Vargas, M., González-Martínez, C., Chiralt, A., & Cháfer, M. (2011). Use of Essential Oils in Bioactive Edible Coatings: A Review. Food Engineering Reviews, 3(1), 1-16. doi:10.1007/s12393-010-9031-3Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94(3), 223-253. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022Combrinck, S., Regnier, T., & Kamatou, G. P. P. (2011). In vitro activity of eighteen essential oils and some major components against common postharvest fungal pathogens of fruit. Industrial Crops and Products, 33(2), 344-349. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.11.011Prakash, B., Kedia, A., Mishra, P. K., & Dubey, N. K. (2015). Plant essential oils as food preservatives to control moulds, mycotoxin contamination and oxidative deterioration of agri-food commodities – Potentials and challenges. Food Control, 47, 381-391. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.07.023Sivakumar, D., & Bautista-Baños, S. (2014). A review on the use of essential oils for postharvest decay control and maintenance of fruit quality during storage. Crop Protection, 64, 27-37. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2014.05.012Abbaszadeh, S., Sharifzadeh, A., Shokri, H., Khosravi, A. R., & Abbaszadeh, A. (2014). Antifungal efficacy of thymol, carvacrol, eugenol and menthol as alternative agents to control the growth of food-relevant fungi. Journal de Mycologie Médicale, 24(2), e51-e56. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.01.063Camele, I., Altieri, L., De Martino, L., De Feo, V., Mancini, E., & Rana, G. L. (2012). In Vitro Control of Post-Harvest Fruit Rot Fungi by Some Plant Essential Oil Components. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13(2), 2290-2300. doi:10.3390/ijms13022290De Souza, E. L., Sales, C. V., de Oliveira, C. E. V., Lopes, L. A. A., da Conceição, M. L., Berger, L. R. R., & Stamford, T. C. M. (2015). Efficacy of a coating composed of chitosan from Mucor circinelloides and carvacrol to control Aspergillus flavus and the quality of cherry tomato fruits. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00732Saad, I. K., Hassan, B., Soumya, E., Moulay, S., & Mounyr, B. (2016). Antifungal Activity and Physico-chemical Surface Properties of the Momentaneously Exposed Penicillium expansum Spores to Carvacrol. Research Journal of Microbiology, 11(6), 178-185. doi:10.3923/jm.2016.178.185Neri, F., Mari, M., & Brigati, S. (2006). Control of Penicillium expansum by plant volatile compounds. Plant Pathology, 55(1), 100-105. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01312.xZabka, M., & Pavela, R. (2013). Antifungal efficacy of some natural phenolic compounds against significant pathogenic and toxinogenic filamentous fungi. Chemosphere, 93(6), 1051-1056. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.076Sapper, M., & Chiralt, A. (2018). Starch-Based Coatings for Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables. Coatings, 8(5), 152. doi:10.3390/coatings8050152Cano, A. I., Cháfer, M., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2015). Physical and microstructural properties of biodegradable films based on pea starch and PVA. Journal of Food Engineering, 167, 59-64. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.06.003Jayakumar, A., K.V., H., T.S., S., Joseph, M., Mathew, S., G., P., … E.K., R. (2019). Starch-PVA composite films with zinc-oxide nanoparticles and phytochemicals as intelligent pH sensing wraps for food packaging application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 136, 395-403. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.018Priya, B., Gupta, V. K., Pathania, D., & Singha, A. S. (2014). Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of biodegradable starch/PVA composite films reinforced with cellulosic fibre. Carbohydrate Polymers, 109, 171-179. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.044Russo, M. A. L., O’Sullivan, C., Rounsefell, B., Halley, P. J., Truss, R., & Clarke, W. P. (2009). The anaerobic degradability of thermoplastic starch: Polyvinyl alcohol blends: Potential biodegradable food packaging materials. Bioresource Technology, 100(5), 1705-1710. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.026He, L., Lan, W., Ahmed, S., Qin, W., & Liu, Y. (2019). Electrospun polyvinyl alcohol film containing pomegranate peel extract and sodium dehydroacetate for use as food packaging. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 22, 100390. doi:10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100390Tampau, A., González-Martinez, C., & Chiralt, A. (2017). Carvacrol encapsulation in starch or PCL based matrices by electrospinning. Journal of Food Engineering, 214, 245-256. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.07.005Marín, A., Atarés, L., Cháfer, M., & Chiralt, A. (2017). Properties of biopolymer dispersions and films used as carriers of the biocontrol agent Candida sake CPA-1. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 79, 60-69. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2017.01.024Castelló, M. L., Fito, P. J., & Chiralt, A. (2010). Changes in respiration rate and physical properties of strawberries due to osmotic dehydration and storage. Journal of Food Engineering, 97(1), 64-71. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.09.016Saei, A., Tustin, D. S., Zamani, Z., Talaie, A., & Hall, A. J. (2011). Cropping effects on the loss of apple fruit firmness during storage: The relationship between texture retention and fruit dry matter concentration. Scientia Horticulturae, 130(1), 256-265. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2011.07.008Baert, K., Devlieghere, F., Bo, L., Debevere, J., & De Meulenaer, B. (2008). The effect of inoculum size on the growth of Penicillium expansum in apples. Food Microbiology, 25(1), 212-217. doi:10.1016/j.fm.2007.06.002Daniel, C. K., Lennox, C. L., & Vries, F. A. (2015). In vivo application of garlic extracts in combination with clove oil to prevent postharvest decay caused by Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Neofabraea alba on apples. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 99, 88-92. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2014.08.006Expert Committe on Food Additives Fitthy-Fifth Reporthttp://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42388/1/WHO_TRS:901.pdfSánchez-González, L., Cháfer, M., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2010). Physical properties of edible chitosan films containing bergamot essential oil and their inhibitory action on Penicillium italicum. Carbohydrate Polymers, 82(2), 277-283. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.047Perdones, Á., Escriche, I., Chiralt, A., & Vargas, M. (2016). Effect of chitosan–lemon essential oil coatings on volatile profile of strawberries during storage. Food Chemistry, 197, 979-986. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.054Talón, E., Vargas, M., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2019). Antioxidant starch-based films with encapsulated eugenol. Application to sunflower oil preservation. LWT, 113, 108290. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108290Andrade, J., González-Martínez, C., & Chiralt, A. (2020). The Incorporation of Carvacrol into Poly (vinyl alcohol) Films Encapsulated in Lecithin Liposomes. Polymers, 12(2), 497. doi:10.3390/polym12020497Wiśniewska, M., Bogatyrov, V., Ostolska, I., Szewczuk-Karpisz, K., Terpiłowski, K., & Nosal-Wiercińska, A. (2015). Impact of poly(vinyl alcohol) adsorption on the surface characteristics of mixed oxide Mn x O y –SiO2. Adsorption, 22(4-6), 417-423. doi:10.1007/s10450-015-9696-2Sapper, M., Palou, L., Pérez-Gago, M. B., & Chiralt, A. (2019). Antifungal Starch–Gellan Edible Coatings with Thyme Essential Oil for the Postharvest Preservation of Apple and Persimmon. Coatings, 9(5), 333. doi:10.3390/coatings9050333Conforti, F. D., & Totty, J. A. (2007). Effect of three lipid/hydrocolloid coatings on shelf life stability of Golden Delicious apples. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 42(9), 1101-1106. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01365.xMiller, K. S., & Krochta, J. M. (1997). Oxygen and aroma barrier properties of edible films: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 8(7), 228-237. doi:10.1016/s0924-2244(97)01051-0Banks, N. H., Dadzie, B. K., & Cleland, D. J. (1993). Reducing gas exchange of fruits with surface coatings. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 3(3), 269-284. doi:10.1016/0925-5214(93)90062-8Kader, A. A., Zagory, D., Kerbel, E. L., & Wang, C. Y. (1989). Modified atmosphere packaging of fruits and vegetables. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 28(1), 1-30. doi:10.1080/10408398909527490Campos-Requena, V. H., Rivas, B. L., Pérez, M. A., Figueroa, C. R., Figueroa, N. E., & Sanfuentes, E. A. (2017). Thermoplastic starch/clay nanocomposites loaded with essential oil constituents as packaging for strawberries − In vivo antimicrobial synergy over Botrytis cinerea. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 129, 29-36. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.03.005Grande-Tovar, C. D., Chaves-Lopez, C., Serio, A., Rossi, C., & Paparella, A. (2018). Chitosan coatings enriched with essential oils: Effects on fungi involved in fruit decay and mechanisms of action. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 78, 61-71. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2018.05.019Perdones, A., Sánchez-González, L., Chiralt, A., & Vargas, M. (2012). Effect of chitosan–lemon essential oil coatings on storage-keeping quality of strawberry. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 70, 32-41. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2012.04.002Qian, D., Du, G., & Chen, J. (2004). Isolation and Culture Characterization of a New Polyvinyl Alcohol-Degrading Strain: Penicillium sp. WSH02-21. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 20(6), 587-591. doi:10.1023/b:wibi.0000043172.83610.08Kawai, F., & Hu, X. (2009). Biochemistry of microbial polyvinyl alcohol degradation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 84(2). doi:10.1007/s00253-009-2113-6Banani, H., Olivieri, L., Santoro, K., Garibaldi, A., Gullino, M., & Spadaro, D. (2018). Thyme and Savory Essential Oil Efficacy and Induction of Resistance against Botrytis cinerea through Priming of Defense Responses in Apple. Foods, 7(2), 11. doi:10.3390/foods7020011Cano Embuena, A. I., Cháfer Nácher, M., Chiralt Boix, A., Molina Pons, M. P., Borrás Llopis, M., Beltran Martínez, M. C., & González Martínez, C. (2016). Quality of goat′s milk cheese as affected by coating with edible chitosan‐essential oil films. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 70(1), 68-76. doi:10.1111/1471-0307.1230

Biodegradation of PLA-PHBV Blend Films as Affected by the Incorporation of Different Phenolic Acids

[EN] Films based on a 75:25 polylactic acid (PLA) and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) blend, containing 2% (w/w) of different phenolic acids (ferulic, p-coumaric or protocatechuic acid), and plasticised with 15 wt. % polyethylene glycol (PEG 1000), were obtained by melt blending and compression moulding. The disintegration and biodegradation of the film under thermophilic composting conditions was studied throughout 35 and 45 days, respectively, in order to analyse the effect of the incorporation of the antimicrobial phenolic acids into the films. Sample mass loss, thermo-degradation behaviour and visual appearance were analysed at different times of the composting period. No effect of phenolic acids was observed on the film disintegration pattern, and the films were completely disintegrated at the end of the composting period. The biodegradation analysis through the CO2 measurements revealed that PLA-PHBV blend films without phenolic acids, and with ferulic acid, completely biodegraded after 20 composting days, while p-coumaric and protocatechuic slightly retarded full biodegradation (21 and 26 days, respectively). Phenolic acids mainly extended the induction period, especially protocatechuic acid. PLA-PHBV blend films with potential antimicrobial activity could be used to preserve fresh foodstuff susceptible to microbial spoilage, with their biodegradation under composting conditions being ensured.FundingThis research was funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion of Spain through the Project AGL2016-76699-R, PID2019-105207RB-I00, and the predoctoral research grant #BES-2017-082040.Hernandez-Garcia, E.; Vargas, M.; Chiralt Boix, MA.; González Martínez, MC. (2022). Biodegradation of PLA-PHBV Blend Films as Affected by the Incorporation of Different Phenolic Acids. Foods. 11(2):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods1102024311511

Application of Ultrasound Pre-Treatment for Enhancing Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Rice Straw

[EN] The extraction of water-soluble bioactive compounds using different green methods is an eco-friendly alternative for valorizing agricultural wastes such as rice straw (RS). In this study, aqueous extracts of RS (particles < 500 mu m) were obtained using ultrasound (US), reflux heating (HT), stirring (ST) and a combination of US and ST (USST) or HT (USHT). The extraction kinetics was well fitted to a pseudo-second order model. As regards phenolic compound yield, the US method (342 mg gallic acid (GAE). 100 g(-1) RS) was more effective than the ST treatment (256 mg GAE center dot 100 g(-1) RS), reaching an asymptotic value after 30 min of process. When combined with HT (USHT), the US pre-treatment led to the highest extraction of phenolic compounds from RS (486 mg GAE center dot 100 g(-1) RS) while the extract exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the USHT extract reduced the initial counts of Listeria innocua by 1.7 logarithmic cycles. Therefore, the thermal aqueous extraction of RS applying the 30 min US pre-treatment, represents a green and efficient approach to obtain bioactive extracts for food applications.Author P.A.V.F. is grateful to Generalitat Valenciana for the GrisoliaP/2019/115 grant.Vieira-De Freitas, PA.; González Martínez, MC.; Chiralt Boix, MA. (2020). Application of Ultrasound Pre-Treatment for Enhancing Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Rice Straw. Foods. 9(11):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111657S115911Sharma, B., Vaish, B., Monika, Singh, U. K., Singh, P., & Singh, R. P. (2019). Recycling of Organic Wastes in Agriculture: An Environmental Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research, 13(2), 409-429. doi:10.1007/s41742-019-00175-yNg, H.-M., Sin, L. T., Tee, T.-T., Bee, S.-T., Hui, D., Low, C.-Y., & Rahmat, A. R. (2015). Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from plant sources for application as reinforcing agent in polymers. Composites Part B: Engineering, 75, 176-200. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.01.008Peanparkdee, M., & Iwamoto, S. (2019). Bioactive compounds from by-products of rice cultivation and rice processing: Extraction and application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 86, 109-117. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.041FAOSTAThttp://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualizeSarkar, N., Ghosh, S. K., Bannerjee, S., & Aikat, K. (2012). Bioethanol production from agricultural wastes: An overview. Renewable Energy, 37(1), 19-27. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2011.06.045Takano, M., & Hoshino, K. (2018). Bioethanol production from rice straw by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with statistical optimized cellulase cocktail and fermenting fungus. Bioresources and Bioprocessing, 5(1). doi:10.1186/s40643-018-0203-yKrishania, M., Kumar, V., & Sangwan, R. S. (2018). Integrated approach for extraction of xylose, cellulose, lignin and silica from rice straw. Bioresource Technology Reports, 1, 89-93. doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2018.01.001Elhussieny, A., Faisal, M., D’Angelo, G., Aboulkhair, N. T., Everitt, N. M., & Fahim, I. S. (2020). Valorisation of shrimp and rice straw waste into food packaging applications. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 11(4), 1219-1226. doi:10.1016/j.asej.2020.01.008Menzel, C., González-Martínez, C., Vilaplana, F., Diretto, G., & Chiralt, A. (2020). Incorporation of natural antioxidants from rice straw into renewable starch films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 146, 976-986. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.222Li, Y., Qi, B., Luo, J., Khan, R., & Wan, Y. (2015). Separation and concentration of hydroxycinnamic acids in alkaline hydrolyzate from rice straw by nanofiltration. Separation and Purification Technology, 149, 315-321. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2015.06.006Barana, D., Salanti, A., Orlandi, M., Ali, D. S., & Zoia, L. (2016). Biorefinery process for the simultaneous recovery of lignin, hemicelluloses, cellulose nanocrystals and silica from rice husk and Arundo donax. Industrial Crops and Products, 86, 31-39. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.03.029Adom, K. K., & Liu, R. H. (2002). Antioxidant Activity of Grains. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(21), 6182-6187. doi:10.1021/jf0205099Cheung, Y.-C., & Wu, J.-Y. (2013). Kinetic models and process parameters for ultrasound-assisted extraction of water-soluble components and polysaccharides from a medicinal fungus. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 79, 214-220. doi:10.1016/j.bej.2013.08.009Ojha, K. S., Aznar, R., O’Donnell, C., & Tiwari, B. K. (2020). Ultrasound technology for the extraction of biologically active molecules from plant, animal and marine sources. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 122, 115663. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2019.115663Luque-Garcı́a, J. ., & Luque de Castro, M. . (2003). Ultrasound: a powerful tool for leaching. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 22(1), 41-47. doi:10.1016/s0165-9936(03)00102-xIsmail, B. B., Guo, M., Pu, Y., Wang, W., Ye, X., & Liu, D. (2019). Valorisation of baobab (Adansonia digitata) seeds by ultrasound assisted extraction of polyphenolics. Optimisation and comparison with conventional methods. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 52, 257-267. doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.11.023Sumere, B. R., de Souza, M. C., dos Santos, M. P., Bezerra, R. M. N., da Cunha, D. T., Martinez, J., & Rostagno, M. A. (2018). Combining pressurized liquids with ultrasound to improve the extraction of phenolic compounds from pomegranate peel (Punica granatum L.). Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 48, 151-162. doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.05.028Wang, L., Boussetta, N., Lebovka, N., & Vorobiev, E. (2018). Selectivity of ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of valuable compounds from flesh and peel of apple tissues. LWT, 93, 511-516. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2018.04.007Dias, A. L. B., Arroio Sergio, C. S., Santos, P., Barbero, G. F., Rezende, C. A., & Martínez, J. (2017). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from dedo de moça pepper (Capsicum baccatum L.): Effects on the vegetable matrix and mathematical modeling. Journal of Food Engineering, 198, 36-44. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.11.020Karimi, E., Mehrabanjoubani, P., Keshavarzian, M., Oskoueian, E., Jaafar, H. Z., & Abdolzadeh, A. (2014). Identification and quantification of phenolic and flavonoid components in straw and seed husk of some rice varieties (Oryza sativaL.) and their antioxidant properties. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94(11), 2324-2330. doi:10.1002/jsfa.6567Ho, Y. S., & McKay, G. (1998). Sorption of dye from aqueous solution by peat. Chemical Engineering Journal, 70(2), 115-124. doi:10.1016/s0923-0467(98)00076-1Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., & Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25-30. doi:10.1016/s0023-6438(95)80008-5Abdi, R. D., & Kerro Dego, O. (2019). Antimicrobial activity of Persicaria pensylvanica extract against Staphylococcus aureus. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 29, 100921. doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2019.05.007Requena, R., Jiménez-Quero, A., Vargas, M., Moriana, R., Chiralt, A., & Vilaplana, F. (2019). Integral Fractionation of Rice Husks into Bioactive Arabinoxylans, Cellulose Nanocrystals, and Silica Particles. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 7(6), 6275-6286. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06692Wang, Y., Liu, J., Liu, X., Zhang, X., Xu, Y., Leng, F., & Avwenagbiku, M. O. (2019). Kinetic modeling of the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from Nostoc commune and physicochemical properties analysis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 128, 421-428. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.247González, N., Elissetche, J., Pereira, M., & Fernández, K. (2017). Extraction of polyphenols from and  : Experimental kinetics, modeling and evaluation of their antioxidant and antifungical activities. Industrial Crops and Products, 109, 737-745. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.09.038Dutta, R., Sarkar, U., & Mukherjee, A. (2016). Pseudo-kinetics of batch extraction of Crotalaria juncea (Sunn hemp) seed oil using 2-propanol. Industrial Crops and Products, 87, 9-13. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.04.006Tabaraki, R., Heidarizadi, E., & Benvidi, A. (2012). Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel antioxidants by response surface methodology. Separation and Purification Technology, 98, 16-23. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2012.06.038Hayat, K., Abbas, S., Hussain, S., Shahzad, S. A., & Tahir, M. U. (2019). Effect of microwave and conventional oven heating on phenolic constituents, fatty acids, minerals and antioxidant potential of fennel seed. Industrial Crops and Products, 140, 111610. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111610Xu, G., Ye, X., Chen, J., & Liu, D. (2006). Effect of Heat Treatment on the Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Citrus Peel Extract. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(2), 330-335. doi:10.1021/jf062517lPurohit, A. J., & Gogate, P. R. (2015). Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction ofβ-Carotene from Waste Carrot Residue: Effect of Operating Parameters and Type of Ultrasonic Irradiation. Separation Science and Technology, 50(10), 1507-1517. doi:10.1080/01496395.2014.978472Wanyo, P., Meeso, N., & Siriamornpun, S. (2014). Effects of different treatments on the antioxidant properties and phenolic compounds of rice bran and rice husk. Food Chemistry, 157, 457-463. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.061Niwa, Y., & Miyachi, Y. (1986). Antioxidant action of natural health products and Chinese herbs. Inflammation, 10(1), 79-91. doi:10.1007/bf00916043Machado, I., Faccio, R., & Pistón, M. (2019). Characterization of the effects involved in ultrasound-assisted extraction of trace elements from artichoke leaves and soybean seeds. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 59, 104752. doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104752Chemat, F., Rombaut, N., Sicaire, A.-G., Meullemiestre, A., Fabiano-Tixier, A.-S., & Abert-Vian, M. (2017). Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. A review. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 34, 540-560. doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.06.035Cravotto, G., & Cintas, P. (2006). Power ultrasound in organic synthesis: moving cavitational chemistry from academia to innovative and large-scale applications. Chem. Soc. Rev., 35(2), 180-196. doi:10.1039/b503848kSeo, D.-J., & Sakoda, A. (2014). Assessment of the structural factors controlling the enzymatic saccharification of rice straw cellulose. Biomass and Bioenergy, 71, 47-57. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.10.027Rostagno, M. A., Palma, M., & Barroso, C. G. (2007). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of isoflavones from soy beverages blended with fruit juices. Analytica Chimica Acta, 597(2), 265-272. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.006Shi, J., Wang, Y., Wei, H., Hu, J., & Gao, M.-T. (2020). Structure analysis of condensed tannin from rice straw and its inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus. Industrial Crops and Products, 145, 112130. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.11213

Organization and Management of Conservation Programs and Research in Domestic Animal Genetic Resources

Creating national committees for domestic animal genetic resources within genetic resource national commissions is recommended to organize in situ and ex situ conservation initiatives. In situ conservation is a high priority because it retains traditional zootechnical contexts and locations to ensure the long-term survival of breeds. In situ actions can be based on subsidies, technical support, structure creation, or trademark definition. Provisional or permanent relocation of breeds may prevent immediate extinction when catastrophes, epizootics, or social conflicts compromise in situ conservation. Ex situ in vivo (animal preservation in rescue or quarantine centers) and in vitro methods (germplasm, tissues/cells, DNA/genes storage) are also potential options. Alert systems must detect emergencies and summon the national committee to implement appropriate procedures. Ex situ coordinated centers must be prepared to permanently or provisionally receive extremely endangered collections. National germplasm banks must maintain sufficient samples of national breeds (duplicated) in their collections to restore extinct populations at levels that guarantee the survival of biodiversity. A conservation management survey, describing national and international governmental and non-governmental structures, was developed. Conservation research initiatives for international domestic animal genetic resources from consortia centralize the efforts of studies on molecular, genomic or geo-evolutionary breed characterization, breed distinction, and functional gene identification. Several consortia also consider ex situ conservation relying on socioeconomic or cultural aspects. The CONBIAND network (Conservation for the Biodiversity of Local Domestic Animals for Sustainable Rural Development) exemplifies conservation efficiency maximization in a low-funding setting, integrating several Latin American consortia with international cooperation where limited human, material, and economic resources are available

Edible coatings controlling mass loss and Penicillium roqueforti growth during cheese ripening

[EN] The application of edible coatings carrying antifungal compounds on cheese was studied to reduce mass losses and control the fungal growth on the cheese surface during ripening. The effectiveness of 8 biopolymers and Aloe vera gel (AV) at controlling mass loss was analysed during the early stage of maturation, with and without lipids (Oleic acid and oleic acid-beeswax blend) and antifungal compounds (potassium sorbate (PS)), gallic tannin (GT) and Aloe vera gel. The gellan gum with both PS and GT exhibited the greatest efficacy at controlling the cheese water loss during the ripening period. The AV gel and its blend with gellan gum did not exert a good water vapour barrier capacity, although it did exhibit antifungal action against Penicillium roqueforti. The coating of gellan with PS resulted in an 84% inhibition of mycelial growth and could prevent fungal growth during cheese ripening, while controlling the cheese mass loss.The authors thank the financial support from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain, through the project AGL2016-76699-R. Author Ram.on Ordonez thanks the Honduras 2020 grant program for the received support.Ordóñez, R.; Contreras Monzón, CI.; González Martínez, MC.; Chiralt Boix, MA. (2021). Edible coatings controlling mass loss and Penicillium roqueforti growth during cheese ripening. Journal of Food Engineering. 290:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110174S17290Castillo, S., Navarro, D., Zapata, P. J., Guillén, F., Valero, D., Serrano, M., & Martínez-Romero, D. (2010). Antifungal efficacy of Aloe vera in vitro and its use as a preharvest treatment to maintain postharvest table grape quality. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 57(3), 183-188. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2010.04.006Choi, S., & Chung, M.-H. (2003). A review on the relationship between aloe vera components and their biologic effects. Seminars in Integrative Medicine, 1(1), 53-62. doi:10.1016/s1543-1150(03)00005-xCosta, M. J., Maciel, L. C., Teixeira, J. A., Vicente, A. A., & Cerqueira, M. A. (2018). Use of edible films and coatings in cheese preservation: Opportunities and challenges. Food Research International, 107, 84-92. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.02.013Fabra, M. J., Talens, P., & Chiralt, A. (2009). Microstructure and optical properties of sodium caseinate films containing oleic acid–beeswax mixtures. Food Hydrocolloids, 23(3), 676-683. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2008.04.015Fabra, M. J., Talens, P., & Chiralt, A. (2008). Tensile properties and water vapor permeability of sodium caseinate films containing oleic acid–beeswax mixtures. Journal of Food Engineering, 85(3), 393-400. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.07.022González-Forte, L. del S., Amalvy, J. I., & Bertola, N. (2019). Corn starch-based coating enriched with natamycin as an active compound to control mold contamination on semi-hard cheese during ripening. Heliyon, 5(6), e01957. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01957Guo, J., Sun, W., Kim, J. P., Lu, X., Li, Q., Lin, M., … Yang, J. (2018). Development of tannin-inspired antimicrobial bioadhesives. Acta Biomaterialia, 72, 35-44. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.008Huang, Q., Liu, X., Zhao, G., Hu, T., & Wang, Y. (2018). Potential and challenges of tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for farm animal production. Animal Nutrition, 4(2), 137-150. doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2017.09.004Lacroix, M., Le, T. ., Ouattara, B., Yu, H., Letendre, M., Sabato, S. ., … Patterson, G. (2002). Use of γ-irradiation to produce films from whey, casein and soya proteins: structure and functionals characteristics. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 63(3-6), 827-832. doi:10.1016/s0969-806x(01)00574-6López, O. V., Giannuzzi, L., Zaritzky, N. E., & García, M. A. (2013). Potassium sorbate controlled release from corn starch films. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 33(3), 1583-1591. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2012.12.064Marín, A., Atarés, L., Cháfer, M., & Chiralt, A. (2017). Properties of biopolymer dispersions and films used as carriers of the biocontrol agent Candida sake CPA-1. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 79, 60-69. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2017.01.024Ortega-Toro, R., Collazo-Bigliardi, S., Roselló, J., Santamarina, P., & Chiralt, A. (2017). Antifungal starch-based edible films containing Aloe vera. Food Hydrocolloids, 72, 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.05.023Sapper, M., Wilcaso, P., Santamarina, M. P., Roselló, J., & Chiralt, A. (2018). Antifungal and functional properties of starch-gellan films containing thyme (Thymus zygis) essential oil. Food Control, 92, 505-515. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.004Sung, S.-Y., Sin, L. T., Tee, T.-T., Bee, S.-T., Rahmat, A. R., Rahman, W. A. W. A., … Vikhraman, M. (2013). Antimicrobial agents for food packaging applications. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 33(2), 110-123. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2013.08.001Tavassoli-Kafrani, E., Shekarchizadeh, H., & Masoudpour-Behabadi, M. (2016). Development of edible films and coatings from alginates and carrageenans. Carbohydrate Polymers, 137, 360-374. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.074Var, I., Erginkaya, Z., Güven, M., & Kabak, B. (2006). Effects of antifungal agent and packaging material on microflora of Kashar cheese during storage period. Food Control, 17(2), 132-136. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.09.01