A Two-Stage Model for Lipid Modulation of the Activity of Integral Membrane Proteins

Lipid-protein interactions play an essential role in the regulation of biological function of integral membrane proteins; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we explore the modulation by phospholipids of the enzymatic activity of the plasma membrane calcium pump reconstituted in detergent-phospholipid mixed micelles of variable composition. The presence of increasing quantities of phospholipids in the micelles produced a cooperative increase in the ATPase activity of the enzyme. This activation effect was reversible and depended on the phospholipid/detergent ratio and not on the total lipid concentration. Enzyme activation was accompanied by a small structural change at the transmembrane domain reported by 1-aniline-8-naphtalenesulfonate fluorescence. In addition, the composition of the amphipilic environment sensed by the protein was evaluated by measuring the relative affinity of the assayed phospholipid for the transmembrane surface of the protein. The obtained results allow us to postulate a two-stage mechanistic model explaining the modulation of protein activity based on the exchange among non-structural amphiphiles at the hydrophobic transmembrane surface, and a lipid-induced conformational change. The model allowed to obtain a cooperativity coefficient reporting on the efficiency of the transduction step between lipid adsorption and catalytic site activation. This model can be easily applied to other phospholipid/detergent mixtures as well to other membrane proteins. The systematic quantitative evaluation of these systems could contribute to gain insight into the structure-activity relationships between proteins and lipids in biological membranes

Model parameters estimated by global fitting.

<p>Model parameters estimated by global fitting.</p

Minimal model best fit parameter values.

<p>Minimal model best fit parameter values.</p

The two stage model for lipid modulation of the enzyme activity.

<p>The scheme shows the transition between low and high activity states of PMCA. In the first stage the enzyme selects a particular lipidic microenvironment among the available amphiphiles according to their relative affinities. The interaction of the protein with specific phospholipids induces, in a second stage, a conformational change at the transmembrane region which is further propagated towards the catalytic domain.</p

Determination of the exchange constant between DPPC and C₁₂E₁₀.

<p>(A) Lipid free purified PMCA (blue dash dotted line), PMCA with HPPC (orange dashed line) and PMCA-HPPC with DPPC/C₁₂E₁₀ up to a final DPPC mole fraction of 0.3 (continuous green line) were excited at 295 nm and fluorescence emission spectra were registered. (B) PMCA samples were supplemented with DPPC up to mole fractions of: 0.34 (▵), 0.36 (•), 0.41(▪), 0.44 (□), 0.48 (○). PMCA emission intensity was measured after adding increasing quantities of HPPC and mixing for 1 min. Total intensity values were corrected for the dilution (<7%) caused by the addition of the probe. The 2D projection surface is the graphical representation of equation 4 with the best fitting parameter values shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0039255#pone-0039255-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

PMCA structural changes upon activation by DPPC.

<p>Purified PMCA was supplemented with C₁₂E₁₀ up to 1.2 mM (orange dashed lines) or up to 1.7 mM DPPC/C₁₂E₁₀ and a final DPPC mole fraction of 0.3 ([C₁₂E₁₀] = 1.2 mM) (continuous green lines). After 10 minutes of incubation at 25°C, (A) far UV circular dichroism, and (B) Trp fluorescence were registered. ANS and Trp fluorescence were registered after adding 3 µM ANS to both samples and exciting at 380 nm (ANS, C) and at 295 nm (PMCA-ANS FRET, D). The emission spectrum of PMCA in the absence of ANS is shown as blue dash dotted line. Apparent energy transfer efficiencies were 0.14 in the presence of lipids and 0.07 in the absence of lipids. The final volume and protein concentration in all the samples was identical in order to avoid dilution corrections.</p

Effects of phospholipids and detergent on the ATPase activity of PMCA.

<p>(A) Purified PMCA, reconstituted in (○) 1.20, (□) 2.75 and (▵) 7.50 mM C₁₂E₁₀ micelles was supplemented with increasing concentrations of DPPC before measuring the ATPase activity. (B) Alternatively, C₁₂E₁₀ was added to purified PMCA already supplemented with (•) 0.06, (▪) 0.22 and (▴) 0.53 mM DPPC before measuring the ATPase activity. Solid lines in A and B are a guide to the eye. (C) Data from panels A and B were plotted as a function of the phospholipid mole fraction in the micellar phase. The continuous line in C corresponds to the graphical representation of equation 8 with the best fitting parameter values shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0039255#pone-0039255-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Development of a New and Improved Guanidine-based Rac1 Inhibitor with in Vivo Activity against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1), is a member of the family of Rho GTPases involved in the dynamic control of cytoskeleton reorganization and other fundamental cellular functions including growth, motility and survival. Aberrant activity of Rac1 and its regulators is common in human cancer. In particular, deregulated expression/activity of Rac Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs), responsible for Rac activation, has been largely associated to a metastatic phenotype and drug resistance. Thus, the development of novel Rac1-GEF interaction inhibitors is a promising strategy for finding new preclinical candidates. In this work, we have studied structure-activity relationships within a new family of N,N’-disubstituted guanidine as Rac1-GEF protein-protein interaction inhibitors, starting from our first developed member 1A-116. We found that new analogue 1D-142, bearing a pyridine ring instead of benzene ring, presents improved antiproliferative activity in human cancer cell lines and higher potency as Rac1-GEF interaction inhibitor in vitro. In addition, 1D-142 reduces TNFα-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation, a mechanisms mediated by Rac1 during cell proliferation and migration in NSCLC. Notably, 1D-142 was used to show for the first time the application of a Rac1 inhibitor in a lung cancer animal model.</p

Cosolvent Sites-Based Discovery of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Protein Kinase G Inhibitors

Computer-aided drug discovery methods play a major role in the development of therapeutically important small molecules, but their performance needs to be improved. Molecular dynamics simulations in mixed solvents are useful in understanding protein–ligand recognition and improving molecular docking predictions. In this work, we used ethanol as a cosolvent to find relevant interactions for ligands toward protein kinase G, an essential protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We validated the hot spots by screening a database of fragment-like compounds and another one of known kinase inhibitors. Next, we performed a pharmacophore-guided docking simulation and found three low micromolar inhibitors, including one with a novel chemical scaffold that we expanded to four derivative compounds. Binding affinities were characterized by intrinsic fluorescence quenching assays, isothermal titration calorimetry, and the analysis of melting curves. The predicted binding mode was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Finally, the compounds significantly inhibited the viability of Mtb in infected THP-1 macrophages