Els Castellvell durant el segle X, artífexs i veguers de la Marca de Barcelona

This paper resumes the study of the origins of the Castellvell baronial lineage. The Castellvells were an aristocratic family from manageBarcelona dating back to the late ninth century. They owned land all over the county. Their main stronghold was the old fortress of Castellvell de Rosanes from which they contributed significantly to the process of expansion that took place during the tenth century. ThereThis was the time when the March of Barcelona was established and many castles were built in all parts. The Castellvells stood out among the other leading families because of their extraordinary role as the Count’s representatives and for the breadth of their relationships with the neighbouring families of viscounts. It is these attributes that distinguish a family that was paradigmatic in those years of profound transformations.[Cat] Aquest treball reprèn l’estudi sobre els orígens del llinatge baronial dels Castellvell, una família aristocràtica de Barcelona que remuntem fins la fi del segle IX. Propietaris de terres arreu d’aquest comtat, la vella fortificació de Castellvell de Rosanes constitueix el seu bastió principal i els procurà una notòria participació al procés expansiu que es verifica durant el segle X, quan es constitueix la Marca de Barcelona i es multipliquen les fortificacions. Aleshores els Castellvell destaquen entre altres veguers, tant per les seves funcions extraordinàries de representació comtal com per l’amplitud dels enllaços que practiquen amb les famílies vescomtals del seu entorn. Són qualitats que distingeixen un llinatge que és paradigmàtic durant aquests temps de profundes transformacions

Modelling and estimation in lithium-ion batteries: a literature review

Lithium-ion batteries are widely recognised as the leading technology for electrochemical energy storage. Their applications in the automotive industry and integration with renewable energy grids highlight their current significance and anticipate their substantial future impact. However, battery management systems, which are in charge of the monitoring and control of batteries, need to consider several states, like the state of charge and the state of health, which cannot be directly measured. To estimate these indicators, algorithms utilising mathematical models of the battery and basic measurements like voltage, current or temperature are employed. This review focuses on a comprehensive examination of various models, from complex but close to the physicochemical phenomena to computationally simpler but ignorant of the physics; the estimation problem and a formal basis for the development of algorithms; and algorithms used in Li-ion battery monitoring. The objective is to provide a practical guide that elucidates the different models and helps to navigate the different existing estimation techniques, simplifying the process for the development of new Li-ion battery applications.This research received support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under projects MAFALDA (PID2021-126001OB-C31 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ ERDF,EU) and MASHED (TED2021-129927B-I00), and by FI Joan Oró grant (code 2023 FI-1 00827), cofinanced by the European Union.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version