Physical properties of a nickel-base alloy prepared by isostatic pressing and sintering of the powdered metal *

The physical and mechanical properties of samples of a nickel-base alloy fabricated by powder metallurgy were determined. The particle sizes of the powders used to make the samples varied from –80/+ 200 mesh to –325 mesh. The compaction pressure varied from 138 to 414 MN/m 2 and the sintering temperature varied from 1150 to 1250°C. The shrinkage during processing, the porosity, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and elastic modulus were used to characterize the samples. The strength of the samples generally increased with decreasing particle size of the powder and increasing compaction pressure and sintering temperatures. The porosity and strength, therefore, could be varied over a wide range by controlling the various parameters. The properties of the samples prepared by powder metallurgy were compared with those of the cast alloy and compact bone. Conditions can be selected that will yield equivalent or better properties by powder metallurgy than by casting.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74945/1/j.1365-2842.1976.tb00939.x.pd

On the mechanisms governing gas penetration into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection

A new 1D radial fluid code, IMAGINE, is used to simulate the penetration of gas into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection (MGI). The main result is that the gas is in general strongly braked as it reaches the plasma, due to mechanisms related to charge exchange and (to a smaller extent) recombination. As a result, only a fraction of the gas penetrates into the plasma. Also, a shock wave is created in the gas which propagates away from the plasma, braking and compressing the incoming gas. Simulation results are quantitatively consistent, at least in terms of orders of magnitude, with experimental data for a D 2 MGI into a JET Ohmic plasma. Simulations of MGI into the background plasma surrounding a runaway electron beam show that if the background electron density is too high, the gas may not penetrate, suggesting a possible explanation for the recent results of Reux et al in JET (2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 093013)

Efeitos da seleção para peso pós-desmame sobre características de carcaça e rendimento de cortes cárneos comerciais de bovinos Effects of selection for post weaning weight on carcass traits and meat cut yields of beef cattle

Foram avaliados os efeitos da seleção para peso pós-desmame sobre características de carcaça e rendimento de cortes cárneos comerciais de 44 bovinos machos não-castrados selecionados ou não para peso aos 378 dias, nascidos em 1999, Foram utilizados animais dos grupos genéticos Nelore Seleção (NeS), Nelore Controle (NeC) e Caracu Seleção (Ca). Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em duas categorias experimentais: grupo de alimentação restrita (AR) e grupo de alimentação ad libitum (AL). Em ambas as categorias, foram alocados oito animais dos grupos genéticos NeS e Ca e seis animais do grupo NeC. O período experimental foi determinado pelo tempo de acabamento dos animais, ou seja, quando atingiram, no mínimo, 4 mm de espessura de gordura subcutânea, avaliada por ultra-som, sobre o músculo Longissimus dorsi, na posição entre a 12ª e 13ª costelas. Em cada grupo genético, à medida que o acabamento preconizado para cada animal da categoria AL foi atingido, o animal da categoria AR mais semelhante quanto ao peso e à condição corporal no início do experimento foi também abatido. O efeito do grupo genético foi significativo para a maioria das características estudadas, porém, não houve interação significativa entre grupos genéticos e regimes alimentares. Os animais Ca e NeS tiveram maiores pesos de abate, sendo que animais Ca necessitaram de mais tempo de confinamento para atingirem o ponto de acabamento preconizado. O maior peso de abate desses animais também influenciou outras características correlacionadas, como pesos de carcaça, traseiro, dianteiro e ponta-de-agulha. A seleção para peso aumentou os pesos de abate, de carcaça e dos cortes primários. Os animais NeS apresentaram carne menos macia, mas ainda dentro dos padrões de maciez considerados satisfatórios (força de cisalhamento abaixo de 5 kgf).<br>Data from 44 bulls of the genetic groups Selection Nellore (NeS), Control Nellore (NeC) and Caracu (Ca) herds born in 1999 were used to evaluate the effects of selection for post weaning weight on carcass traits and meat cuts yields at 378 days of age (P 378). The animals were randomly distributed into two experimental classes: restricted feeding (AR) and ad libitum feeding (AL) including 8 animals from the NeS and Ca groups and 6 animals from the NeC group. Animals of each class were slaughtered in pairs when the animals AL group reached 4 mm of ultrasonic fat thickness on Longissimus dorsi muscle, between the 12th and 13th ribs. The interaction between genetic group and feeding class was not significant for most of the traits evaluated. The genetic group effect was significant. Animals of the Ca and NeS groups were heavier at slaughter and Ca animals required longer feedlot period to reach the desired fat thickness. Higher slaughter weights of these animals changed their carcass, hindquarter, forequarter and spare ribs weights. The selection for P 378 in the Nellore group resulted in heavier weights at slaughter, heavier carcasses and primary cuts, but lower meat tenderness, although within reasonable values of shear force (below 5.0 kgf)

JET experience on managing radioactive waste and implications for ITER

The reduced radiotoxicity and half-life of radioactive waste arisings from nuclear fusion reactors as compared to current fission reactors is one of the key benefits of nuclear fusion. As a result of the research programme at the Joint European Torus (JET), significant experience on the management of radioactive waste has been gained which will be of benefit to ITER and the nuclear fusion community.The successful management of radioactive waste is dependent on accurate and efficient tracking and characterisation of waste streams. To accomplish this all items at JET which are removed from radiological areas are identified and pre-characterised, by recording the radiological history, before being removed from or moved between radiological areas. This system ensures a history of each item is available when it is finally consigned as radioactive waste and also allows detailed forecasting of future arisings. All radioactive waste generated as part of JET operations is transferred to dedicated, on-site, handling facilities for further sorting, sampling and final streaming for off-site disposal. Tritium extraction techniques including leaching, combustion and thermal treatment followed by liquid scintillation counting are used to determine tritium content.Recent changes to government legislation and Culham specific disposal permit conditions have allowed CCFE to adopt additional disposal routes for fusion wastes requiring new treatment and analysis techniques. Facilities currently under construction include a water de-tritiation facility and a materials de-tritiation facility, both of which are relevant for ITER. The procedures used to manage radioactive waste from generation to off-site disposal have been assessed for relevance to ITER and a number have been shown to be significant. The procedures and de-tritiation factors demonstrated by radioactive waste treatment plants currently under construction will be important to tritium recovery and waste minimisation in ITER and DEMO

Sawtooth pacing with on-axis ICRH modulation in JET-ILW

A novel technique for sawteeth control in tokamak plasmas using ion-cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) has been developed in the JET-ILW tokamak. Unlike previous ICRH methods, that explored the destabilization of the internal kink mode when the radio-frequency (RF) wave absorption was placed near the q = 1 surface, the technique presented here consists of stabilizing the sawteeth as fast as possible by applying the ICRH power centrally and subsequently induce a sawtooth crash by switching it off at the appropriate instant. The validation of this method in JET-ILW L-mode discharges, including preliminary tests in H-mode plasmas, is presented

Hybrid cancellation of ripple disturbances arising in AC/DC converters

In AC/DC converters, a peculiar periodic nonsmooth waveform arises, the so-called ripple. In this paper we propose a novel model that captures this nonsmoothness by means of a hybrid dynamical system performing state jumps at certain switching instants, and we illustrate its properties with reference to a three phase diode bridge rectifier. As the ripple corrupts an underlying desirable signal, we propound two observer schemes ensuring asymptotic estimation of the ripple, the first with and the second without knowledge of the switching instants. Our theoretical developments are well placed in the context of recent techniques for hybrid regulation and constitute a contribution especially for our second observer, where the switching instants are estimated. Once asymptotic estimation of the ripple is achieved, the ripple can be conveniently canceled from the desirable signal, and thanks to the inherent robustness properties of the proposed hybrid formulation, the two observer schemes require only that the desirable signal is slowly time varying compared to the ripple. Exploiting this fact, we illustrate the effectiveness of our second hybrid observation law on experimental data collected from the Joint European Torus tokamak