El principio de buena fe objetiva en materia de enriquecimiento sin causa en la contratación estatal en Colombia

El propósito del presente trabajo es analizar y estudiar de manera plena el principio de buena fe desde el ámbito de los hechos cumplidos en la contratación estatal. De esta forma, se pretende conocer la evolución jurisprudencial sobre este tema, determinando cómo la posición del Consejo de Estado se ha inclinado a favor de los intereses de las entidades del Estado mediante la imposición de subreglas jurídicas que limitan el reconocimiento jurídico y económico del particular en cuestión. Finalmente, la investigación concluye en cómo se ha reinterpretado el principio de buena fe objetiva desde los fallos judiciales del máximo Tribunal de la Jurisdicción de lo Contencioso Administrativo en hechos cumplidos en la Contratación Estatal, afectando a los particulares que ejecutan actividades con el Estado y justificando el enriquecimiento sin justa causa por parte de la entidad que recibió el servicio y/o bien en desmedro del ordenamiento jurídico colombiano.Universidad Libre - Facultad de Derecho, Ciencias Políticas y Sociales - Especialización Contratación EstatalThe purpose of this document is to utterly analyze and study the principle of good faith from the scope of Fulfilled Facts/Deeds in the Statal Contracting Sector. From this perspective, it is intended to know the jurisprudential evolution about this matter, determining how the position of the Council of State has turned in favor of the interests of State Entities by and through the imposition of legal sub-rules that do indeed limit the legal and economic recognition of what’s been particularly been affected and put into question. Thus, the investigation concludes about how the principle of objective good faith has been reinterpreted since the judicial rulings of the Highest Administrative Court in Fulfilled Facts/Deeds in the Statal Contracting Sector, impacting on the individuals who carry out activities with the State and justifying the enrichment without just cause by the entity that received the service and/or to the detriment of the Colombian legal system

Eficacia de la aplicación de las normas de seguridad social en la construcción de vivienda de interés social en obras públicas y privadas en el municipio de San Jose de Cúcuta

La Constitución Política de los Colombianos de 1991 en su artículo 25 establece al trabajo como un derecho y una obligación social que goza, en todas sus modalidades, de la especial protección del Estado para que se desarrolle en condiciones dignas y justas, está fundamentado en la concepción del derecho inviolable a la vida. Su desarrollo amparado en el espíritu de la Seguridad Social que es un servicio público de carácter obligatorio e irrenunciable y que debe ser prestado de una manera eficiente bajo la dirección, coordinación y control del Estado. Así mismo en el artículo 48, dispone que “la Seguridad Social es un servicio público de carácter obligatorio que se prestará bajo la dirección, coordinación y control del Estado, en sujeción a los principios de eficiencia, universalidad y solidaridad, en los términos que establezca la Ley. Se garantiza a todos los habitantes el derecho irrenunciable a la Seguridad Social. El Estado, con la participación de los particulares, ampliará progresivamente la cobertura de la Seguridad Social que comprenderá la prestación de los servicios en la forma que determine la Ley”. Son trabajadores de la construcción las personas que se dedican a obras y actividades que tienen por objeto cualquier case de casa o edificios y a otras inherentes a esa actividad, pero no las personas que en su cualidad de arquitectos, proyectistas o inventores dirijan técnicamente, asesoren o controlen la ejecución simplemente material de aquellas obras. La afiliación al régimen de seguridad social es obligatoria y mediante el pago conjunto de los aportes, se recibe la protección común a todos los afiliados. En atención a los riesgos que conllevan las actividades de construcción, se atienen a las normas generales en materia de salud ocupacional. Los trabajadores de la construcción en Colombia tienen características especiales dentro de la población general. El trabajo que se presenta a continuación, está estructurado en cinco capítulos, así: En el primer capítulo se encuentra todo lo referente a las generalidades del proyecto de investigación, es decir, titulo, planteamiento, formulación y sistematización del problema, justificación y objetivos general y específicos. El segundo capítulo, aborda el marco de referencia, se tratan los antecedentes, bases teóricas y las bases legales. En el tercer capítulo, se referencia el diseño metodológico, como son el tipo y método de investigación, la población y la muestra, el tratamiento y análisis de la información y el análisis inferencial del trabajo de campo. El cuarto capítulo, da respuesta a los objetivos específicos planteados, inicia con un análisis de la normatividad sobre seguridad industrial y salud ocupacional que regula actualmente el sector de la construcción en Colombia, las obligaciones del empleador y sanciones en materia de accidentes en la actividad de la construcción, la responsabilidad de los empleadores del sector de la construcción por la accidentalidad de sus trabajadores y demás sujetos vinculados con el desarrollo del sector, y finalmente se presenta una guía de orientación a las constructoras en los diferentes pasos, para que la gestión de seguridad social en el sector de la construcción se realice de manera fácil. Por último, se presentan una serie de conclusiones y recomendaciones a que se llegó con la realización del trabajo

Fructooligosaccharides production from agro-wastes as alternative low-cost source

Background The prebiotic properties of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are well documented. The high demand of functional food by the food, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have lead researchers to explore new and more feasible processes to produce FOS. Not only economical substrates are being exploited to reduce costs, but also, seeking to attend a global problem, the excessive generation of agro-industrial wastes that are polluting the earth, which are not being completely exploited, have been a concern. Scope and approach The purpose of this review is to present a concise (but wide-ranging) appraisal on the latest advances in fructooligosaccharides production from agro-wastes, as alternative low-cost source. Emphasis is placed on the examination, analysis and discussion of the prospects for using different agro-industrial waste bioresources for the production of FOS and FOS-producing enzymes. Key findings and conclusions The food, agro-industrial and forestry industries generate large volumes of waste, that are mainly composed of complex carbohydrates and crude proteins, that can be useful as nutrients for microbial growth, and enzymes or other metabolites production. Agro-industrial wastes are discarded, and its accumulation generates a severe environmental impact. The development of value-added processes using agro-industrial wastes is very attractive and becomes an environmentally friendly waste management method.Authors thank to National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT, México) for the financial support (CVU 860996) given to the Master Program in Food Science and Technology offered by the Autonomous University of Coahuila, Mexico. This study was also supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2019 unit and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte also, Project ColOsH02/SAICT/2017(POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030071).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Quantities of supplements for grazing beef heifers in the dry-rainy transition season

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplying different quantities of multiple supplements on the nutritional characteristics and productive performance of heifers during the post-weaning phase on Urochloa decumbens pastures during the dry-rainy transition season. Twenty-four heifers (average initial age and weight of 11 mo and 243±6 kg, respectively) were used. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and six replicates. A supplement containing 25% CP was used, and treatments consisted of the following four levels of supplements: 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg. The animals in the different treatments received a mineral mixture ad libitum. A positive linear effect (P<0.10) was observed on ADG and final body weight with the quantities of supplements. An increasing linear effect (P<0.10) was found on the intakes of DM, OM, CP, EE, NFC and TDN with the elevation in the amount of the supplement provided, which was not observed for NDFap intake. A cubic effect was observed (P<0.10) on the apparent digestibility of OM, CP, NDFap, NFC and concentration of TDN among the quantities of multiple supplements. Supplement levels increased (P<0.10) the digestibility coefficient of EE. An increasing linear response was detected (P<0.10) in urine urea nitrogen excretion, serum urea nitrogen (SUN) and flow of microbial nitrogen (MICN) compounds with the quantities of supplement. No difference was observed (P<0.10) in the efficiency of microbial synthesis between the supplementation levels. The quantities of supplement had a decreasing linear effect (P<0.10) on the relative MICN. In conclusion, supplying higher amounts of multiple supplements during the dry-rainy transition season improves the productive performance and nutritional characteristics of beef heifers reared on pasture.O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do fornecimento de diferentes quantidades de suplementos múltiplos sobre as características nutricionais e desempenho produtivo de novilhas durante a fase de recria em pastagens com Urochloa decumbens no período de transição seca-águas. Foram utilizadas 24 novilhas com idade e peso médio inicial de 11 meses e 243±3 kg, respectivamente. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Utilizou-se um suplemento com 25% de PB. Os tratamentos consistiam em quatro quantidades de suplementos: 0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 kg respectivamente. Os animais dos diferentes tratamentos receberam mistura mineral ad libitum. Observou-se efeito linear positivo (P<0,10) no GMD e peso corporal final (PCF) com as quantidades de suplementos. Foi verificado efeito linear crescente (P<0,10) no consumo de MS, MO, PB, EE, CNF e NDT com o fornecimento de maiores quantidades de suplemento; efeito não apresentado no consumo de FDNcp. Evidenciou-se efeito cúbico (P<0,10) sobre a digestibilidade aparente da MO, PB, FDNcp, CNF e concentração de NDT entre as quantidades de suplementos múltiplos. As quantidades de suplementos aumentaram (P<0,10) o coeficiente de digestibilidade do EE. Verificou-se comportamento linear crescente (P<0,10) sobre a excreção urinária de nitrogênio uréico (NUU), nitrogênio uréico no soro (NUS) e fluxo de compostos nitrogenados microbianos (NMIC) com as quantidades de suplementos. Não foi observada diferença (P<0,10) das quantidades de suplementação sobre a eficiência de síntese microbiana. As quantidades de suplementos afetaram de forma linear decrescente (P<0,10) o NMICR. Conclui-se que o fornecimento de maiores quantidades de suplementos múltiplos durante a época de transição seca-águas melhora o desempenho produtivo e características nutricionais de novilhas de corte criadas em pastagens

Virial masses of late-type galaxies from the SDSS DR16

Motivated by the challenges of calculating the dynamical masses of late-type galaxies (LTGs) and the enormous amount of data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we calculate virial masses of a sample of approximately 126 000 LTGs from the sixteenth data release of the SDSS. The virial mass estimations were made considering Newtonian mechanics, virial equilibrium and velocity dispersion from stars and gas. The procedure gave as a result seven mass estimations for each galaxy. The calculated masses were calibrated using a sample of spiral galaxies with velocity rotation curves. Considering the results from the calibration, we find that the correlation between virial and dynamical (rotation curve) masses is stronger for high inclination values. Therefore, the calibration relies more on the available data for higher inclination angle galaxies. We also show that if we have a heterogeneous sample of galaxies one must take into consideration the size and colour of these galaxies by using the following variables: Sersic index n, concentration index, and colour of the stars. For relatively smaller and bluer LTGs, the gas velocity dispersion provides a more consistent mass calculation, while for LTGs that are relatively larger and redder the stellar velocity dispersion provides a better correlated mass calculation.Fil: Nigoche Netro, A.. Universidad de Guadalajara; México. Instituto de Astronomía y Meteorologia de la Universidad de Guadalajara; MéxicoFil: De La Fuente, E.. Universidad de Guadalajara; México. University of Tokyo; JapónFil: Diaz, Ruben Joaquin. United States Gemini Office; Estados Unidos. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Agüero, Maria Paz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Kemp, S. N.. Instituto de Astronomía y Meteorologia de la Universidad de Guadalajara; MéxicoFil: Marquez Lugo, R. A.. Instituto de Astronomía y Meteorologia de la Universidad de Guadalajara; MéxicoFil: Lagos, P.. Centro de Astrofísica Da Universidade Do Porto; PortugalFil: Ruelas Mayorga, A.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: López Contreras, N. L.. Instituto de Astronomía y Meteorologia de la Universidad de Guadalajara; Méxic

U-Health Service for Managing Chronic Disease: A Case Study on Managing Metabolic Syndrome in a Health Center in South Korea

Objectives: We were to analyze the effect of managing metabolic syndrome using a u-health service in a health center. Methods: We collected biometric data from 316 subjects living in a county (gun) in South Korea before and after the introduction of u-health services in 2010. Analysis was done by contingency table using SPSS and latent growth model using AMOS. Results: We found that regional u-health services affected instance of metabolic syndrome. Further, biometrics and health behavior improved. After six months of u-health services, the number of subjects with three or more factors for metabolic syndrome decreased by 62.5%; 63.3 % of regular drinkers stopped drinking; 83.3 % of subjects who rarely exercised began to exercise twice a week or more; and 60.9 % of smokers stopped smoking. Conclusions: U-health services can change health behavior and biometrics to manage metabolic syndrome in rural areas. The usefulness of u-health services is discussed

Does a colour-coded blood pressure diary improve blood pressure control for patients in general practice: The CoCo trial

BACKGROUND: Insufficient blood pressure control is a frequent problem despite the existence of effective treatment. Insufficient adherence to self-monitoring as well as to therapy is a common reason. Blood pressure self-measurement at home (Home Blood Pressure Measurement, HBPM) has positive effects on treatment adherence and is helpful in achieving the target blood pressure. Only a few studies have investigated whether adherence to HBPM can be improved through simple measures resulting also in better blood pressure control. OBJECTIVE: Improvement of self-monitoring and improved blood pressure control by using a new colour-coded blood pressure diary. OUTCOME: Primary outcome: Change in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure 6 months after using the new colour-coded blood pressure diary.Secondary outcome: Adherence to blood pressure self-measurement (number of measurements/entries). METHODS/DESIGN: Randomised controlled study.Population: 138 adult patients in primary care with uncontrolled hypertension despite therapy. The control group uses a conventional blood pressure diary; the intervention group uses the new colour-coded blood pressure diary (green, yellow, red according a traffic light system). EXPECTED RESULTS/CONCLUSION: The visual separation and entries in three colour-coded areas reflecting risk (green: blood pressure in the target range 140/>90 mmHg, red: blood pressure in danger zone > 180 mmHg/>110 mmHg) lead to better self-monitoring compared with the conventional (non-colour-coded) blood pressure booklet. The colour-coded, visualised information supports improved perception (awareness and interpretation) of blood pressure and triggers correct behaviour, in the means of improved adherence to the recommended treatment as well as better communication between patients and doctors resulting in improved blood pressure control. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT01013467

The epidemiology and management of severe hypertension

Hypertension guidelines stress that patients with severe hypertension (systolic blood pressure (BP)⩾180 or diastolic BP⩾110 mm Hg) require multiple drugs to achieve control and should have close follow-up to prevent adverse outcomes. However, little is known about the epidemiology or actual management of these patients. We retrospectively studied 59 207 veterans with hypertension. Patients were categorized based on their highest average BP over an 18-month period (1 July 1999 to 31 December 2000) as controlled (<140/90 mm Hg), mild (140–159/90–99 mm Hg), moderate (160–179/100–109 mm Hg) and severe hypertension. We examined severe hypertension prevalence, pattern, duration, associated patient characteristics, time to subsequent visit, percentage of visits with a medication increase, and final BP control and antihypertensive medication adequacy. Twenty-three per cent had ⩾1 visit with severe hypertension, 42% of whom had at least two such visits; median day with severe hypertension was 80 (range 1–548). These subjects were significantly older, more likely black, and with more comorbidities than other hypertension subjects. Medication increases occurred at 20% of visits with mild hypertension compared to 40% with severe hypertension; P<0.05). At study end, 76% of patients with severe hypertension remained uncontrolled; severe hypertension subjects with uncontrolled BP were less likely to be on adequate therapy than those with controlled BP (43.7 vs 45.4%). Among hypertensive veterans, severe hypertension episodes are common. Many subjects had relatively prolonged elevations, with older, sicker subjects at highest risk. Although, follow-up times are shorter and antihypertensive medication use greater in severe hypertension subjects, they are still not being managed aggressively enough. Interventions to improve providers' management of these high-risk patients are needed

Evaluation of a community pharmacy-based intervention for improving patient adherence to antihypertensives: a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundThe majority of patients using antihypertensive medications fail to achieve their recommended target blood pressure. Poor daily adherence with medication regimens and a lack of persistence with medication use are two of the major reasons for failure to reach target blood pressure. There is no single intervention to improve adherence with antihypertensives that is consistently effective. Community pharmacists are in an ideal position to promote adherence to chronic medications. This study aims to test a specific intervention package that could be integrated into the community pharmacy workflow to enable pharmacists to improve patient adherence and/or persistence with antihypertensive medications - Hypertension Adherence Program in Pharmacy (HAPPY).Methods/DesignThe HAPPY trial is a multi-centre prospective randomised controlled trial. Fifty-six pharmacies have been recruited from three Australian states. To identify potential patients, a software application (MedeMine CVD) extracted data from a community pharmacy dispensing software system (FRED Dispense&reg;). The pharmacies have been randomised to either \u27Pharmacist Care Group\u27 (PCG) or \u27Usual Care Group\u27 (UCG). To check for \u27Hawthorne effect\u27 in the UCG, a third group of patients \u27Hidden Control Group\u27 (HCG) will be identified in the UCG pharmacies, which will be made known to the pharmacists at the end of six months. Each study group requires 182 patients. Data will be collected at baseline, three and six months in the PCG and at baseline and six months in the UCG. Changes in patient adherence and persistence at the end of six months will be measured using the self-reported Morisky score, the Tool for Adherence Behaviour Screening and medication refill data.DiscussionTo our knowledge, this is the first research testing a comprehensive package of evidence-based interventions that could be integrated into the community pharmacy workflow to enable pharmacists to improve patient adherence and/or persistence with antihypertensive medications. The unique features of the HAPPY trial include the use of MedeMine CVD to identify patients who could potentially benefit from the service, control for the \u27Hawthorne effect\u27 in the UCG and the offer of the intervention package at the end of six months to patients in the UCG, a strategy that is expected to improve retention.Trial RegistrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12609000705280<br /