The impact of a study abroad experience on the use of discourse markers by heritage speakers and L2 learners

Discourse markers (e.g., bueno, pues, es que, o sea, entonces, este) are linguistic items without a syntactic function that aid in interpreting utterances (Martín Zorraquino & Portolés Lázaro, 1999). These markers are common in native speech and help maintain the smoothness of the interaction (D’Arcy, 2017). Despite the fact that the use of these expressions contributes to increased perceived fluency, research on the effects of study abroad on the acquisition of discourse markers has been scarce. This study addresses this research gap through a corpus-based analysis of discourse marker usage by heritage speakers and second language (L2) learners of Spanish before and after a study abroad experience. The study examines whether proficiency level, Spanish language background and language contact abroad affect the use of filled pauses and discourse markers in oral speech. Oral data were collected from 46 participants in a Spanish study abroad program at different proficiency levels (advanced vs. intermediate). Participants took a placement test upon arrival and engaged in semi-structured oral interviews before, during, and after their sojourn. These interviews, which included open-ended questions about their study abroad experience, were transcribed and coded for quantitative analysis of pause frequency and discourse marker frequency and variety. Based on prior research (Fernández et al., 2014; Llanes, À., Barón, J., & Sánchez-Hernández, 2024; Mostacero-Pinilla, 2020; Torres & Potowski, 2008; Said-Mohand, 2006; Sánchez-Muñoz, 2007), we hypothesize that heritage speakers will initially use more frequent and diverse discourse markers than L2 learners. Additionally, we predict that both groups will increase their use of discourse markers by the end of the study abroad experience, both in frequency and variety, and will decrease their use of filled pauses. Preliminary results suggest that proficiency level and speaker type significantly affect discourse marker use, with heritage speakers using them more frequently initially and with greater variety by the end of the study abroad experience. These findings are discussed in relation to previous research on discourse markers, their role in perceived oral fluency, and the benefits of immersion settings for acquiring pragmatic language skills often not emphasized in classroom instruction

A subabitação em Porto Alegre

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Stability and Unobstructedness of Syzygy Bundles

It is a longstanding problem in Algebraic Geometry to determine whether the syzygy bundle $E_{d_1,..., d_n}$ on \PP^N defined as the kernel of a general epimorphism \xymatrix{\phi:\cO(-d_1)\oplus...\oplus\cO(-d_n)\ar[r] &\cO} is (semi)stable. In this note, we restrict our attention to the case of syzygy bundles $E_{d,n}$ on \PP^N associated to $n$ generic forms $f_1,...,f_n\in K[X_0,X_1,..., X_N]$ of the same degree $d$. Our first goal is to prove that $E_{d,n}$ is stable if $N+1\le n\le\tbinom{d+2}{2}+N-2$. This bound improves, in general, the bound $n\le d(N+1)$ given by G. Hein in \cite{B}, Appendix A. In the last part of the paper, we study moduli spaces of stable rank $n-1$ vector bundles on \PP^N containing syzygy bundles. We prove that if $N+1\le n\le\tbinom{d+2}{2}+N-2$ and $N\ne 3$, then the syzygy bundle $E_{d,n}$ is unobstructed and it belongs to a generically smooth irreducible component of dimension $n\tbinom{d+N}{N}-n^2$, if $N \geq 4$, and $n\tbinom{d+2}{2}+n\tbinom{d-1}{2}-n^2$, if N=2.Comment: 32 pages, minor change

Síndrome de Gradenigo: uma complicação inesperada da otite

Introduction: Gradenigo syndrome (also known as apical petrositis) is a clinical triad of otitis media, trigeminal neuralgia and ipsilateral abducens nerve palsy. In the era of antibiotic therapy, it is an exceptional but potentially life threatening complication of acute otitis media, requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment. Case report: A seven-year-old girl with previous history of otitis, presented with left ear pain, headache, diplopia and fever. Diagnosis of Gradenigo syndrome was established and she was treated with systemic broad-spectrum antibiotics and myringotomy with timpanostomy tube placement. Clinical outcome was favourable. Conclusion: This case documents therapeutic success and total recovery with a conservative approach in an immunocompetent child with Gradenigo syndrome.Introdução: O síndrome Gradenigo (também conhecido como petrosite apical) é uma tríade clínica definida por otite média, nevralgia do trigémeo e parésia ipsilateral do nervo abducente. Desde o advento da antibioterapia, passou a ser uma complicação rara da otite média aguda mas potencialmente fatal, requerendo diagnóstico e tratamento atempados. Caso clínico: Criança do sexo feminino, com sete anos de idade e história prévia de otite, com quadro de otalgia, cefaleia, diplopia e febre. Foi feito o diagnóstico de síndrome de Gradenigo e instituída antibioterapia de amplo espectro e miringotomia com colocação de tubos de ventilação transtimpânicos. A evolução clínica foi favorável. Conclusão: Este caso documenta o sucesso terapêutico e a recuperação total de uma criança imunocompetente com síndrome de Gradenigo com recurso a uma abordagem conservadora

Evolving concepts in HER2 evaluation in breast cancer: heterogeneity, HER2-low carcinomas and beyond

Abstract The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a well-known negative prognostic factor in breast cancer and a target of the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab as well as of other anti-HER2 compounds. Pioneering works on HER2-positive breast cancer in the 90' launched a new era in clinical research and oncology practice that has reshaped the natural history of this disease. In diagnostic pathology the HER2 status is routinely assessed by using a combination of immunohistochemistry (IHC, to evaluate HER2 protein expression levels) and in situ hybridization (ISH, to assess HER2 gene status). For this purpose, international recommendations have been developed by a consensus of experts in the field, which have changed over the years according to new experimental and clinical data. In this review article we will document the changes that have contributed to a better evaluation of the HER2 status in clinical practice, furthermore we will discuss HER2 heterogeneity defined by IHC and ISH as well as by transcriptomic analysis and we will critically describe the complexity of HER2 equivocal results. Finally, we will introduce the clinical impact of HER2 mutations and we will define the upcoming category of HER2-low breast cancer with respect to emerging clinical data on the efficacy of specific anti-HER2 agents in subgroups of breast carcinomas lacking the classical oncogene addition dictated by HER2 amplification

Cancro da mama

O cancro da mama continua hoje a ser um importante problema de saúde pública a nível internacional e nacional pelo que a problemática da sua abordagem continua a ter todo o interesse. A compreensão da carcinogénese e factores de risco neste tipo de cancro facilitará a intervenção numa prevenção primária e secundária. Na prevenção secundária existe consenso no tipo de rastreio a efectuar às mulheres com mais de 50 anos de idade. O mesmo não se passa em relação ao grupo etário 40-49 anos de idade, onde não existe uniformidade de actuação, sugerindo-se, neste caso, que cada mulher deve decidir por si própria o tipo de rastreio a que deseja ser submetida, tendo como base a sua história clinica e o modo como valoriza os riscos e benefícios. Termina com uma proposta de intervenção, à luz dos conhecimentos científicos, para o médico de família, para a prevenção e diagnóstico precoce do cancro da mama

Osteoporose na mulher pós-menopáusica

A osteoporose na mulher pós-menopaúsica é, na maior parte dos casos, de tipo I. A perda de massa óssea deve-se a uma deficiência de estrogénios. Na abordagem da osteoporose, nestas mulheres, é importante considerar os factores de risco. Para o efeito, uma anamnese cuidadosa e bem elaborada poderá levantar a suspeita diagnóstica de osteoporose, uma vez que a clínica é, habitualmente, pobre ou inexistente, até que a primeira fractura apareça. As causa secundárias de osteoporose devem ser sempre pesquisadas, dado que toda a atitude diagnóstica e terapêutica vai depender da causa subjacente. O diagnóstico de osteoporose é feito, fundamentalmente, pela determinação da densidade mineral óssea, seguindo as normas da Organização Mundial de Saúde. A terapêutica da osteoporose, na mulher pós-menopaúsica, tem como pedra basilar evitar o aparecimento de fracturas e passa por uma abordagem não farmacológica e, nos casos necessários, farmacológica. O tratamento farmacológico está particularmente indicado em mulheres com factores de risco de fractura, ou nas que já sofreram fracturas. Como conclusão apresentam-se algumas propostas de abordagem clínica, para prevenção e tratamento da osteoporose na mulher pós - menopáusica

A Matemática Escolar da Escola Primária da Década de 1940

http://www.pgsskroton.com.br/seer/index.php/ensino/article/view/3458/3094São raros os estudos voltados à história da matemática escolar, sobretudo os que buscam compreender como esse componente curricular favoreceu a permanência ou a transformação da cultura escolar da escola primária. O presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender como se apresentava a matemática escolar do ensino primário, na década de 1940, em duas escolas primárias do estado de Mato Grosso. A partir de um olhar minucioso aos conteúdos matemáticos prescritos e às formas como estes eram apropriados nas práticas escolares da escola primária, o estudo, orientado na perspectiva da história cultural, identifica mecanismos e lógicas utilizados pelos sujeitos na preservação da coerência simbólica da cultura escolar

Experimental analysis of heat and mass transfer in non-isothermal sloshing using a model-based inverse method

Nonisothermal liquid sloshing in partially filled reservoirs can significantly enhance heat and mass transfer between liquid and ullage gasses. This can result in large temperature and pressure fluctuations, producing thrust oscillations in spacecraft and challenging thermal management control systems. This work presents an experimental characterization of the thermodynamic evolution of a cylindrical reservoir undergoing sloshing-induced thermal de-stratification. We use a 0D model-based inverse method to retrieve the heat and mass transfer coefficients in planar and swirl sloshing conditions from the temperature and pressure measurements in the liquid and the ullage gas. The experiments were carried out in the SHAKESPEARE shaking table of the von Karman Institute in a cuboid quartz cell with a cylindrical cut-out of 80 mm diameter in the centre, filled up to 60mm with the cryogenic replacement fluid HFE-7200. A thermal stratification with 25 K difference between the ullage gas and liquid was set as the initial conditions. A pressure drop of 90% in the ullage gas was documented in swirling conditions. Despite its simplicity, the model could predict the system's thermodynamic evolution once the proper transfer coefficients were derived.Comment: 18 pages, 14 figures, 4 table

The Use of Digital Technologies to Develop Girls' Creativity: Paths and Practices in Greece, Lithuania, Portugal, and Slovenia

The presence (or lack thereof) of women in STEM and ICT has become a key issue for the industry and for policy makers, as complex and nuanced questions of gender are brought to the centerstage of public discussion. As part of this effort, this research aims to shine a light on the factors that keep girls and young women from pursuing careers in the field of ICT and provide tools and orientations to tackle these issues. A two-fold analysis was conducted, with interviews with experts in the sector, in the format of four round-table discussions, and an analysis of 30 case studies of projects/initiatives across four countries: Lithuania, Greece, Slovenia and Portugal. The collected insights point to the persistence of gendered stereotypes, as well as prevailing misconceptions on the nature of ICT work. Furthermore, it points to the importance of teachers and educators, as well as the visibility of female role models in the industry. The investment in concrete and creative pursuits in ICT also appears as a defining factor to spark the interest of girls in the field.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio