Tryptophan research in panic disorder.

A considerable body of evidence suggests the involvement of serotonin neurotransmission in the pathogenesis of panic disorder. Research on pathways and functions of tryptophan, an essential amino acid converted into serotonin, may advance our understanding of serotonergic actions in panic disorder and related phenomena. The investigative approaches in this field include manipulations of tryptophan availability as well as genetic association and functional brain imaging studies. In this review we examine the principle findings of these studies and propose further research directions

Effect of Fractional Kinetic Helicity on Turbulent Magnetic Dynamo Spectra

Magnetic field amplification in astrophysics ultimately requires an understanding of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Kinetic helicity has long been known to be important for large scale field growth in forced MHD turbulence, and has been recently demonstrated numerically to be asymptotically consistent with slow mean field dynamo action in a periodic box. Here we show numerically that the magnetic spectrum at and below the forcing scale is also strongly influenced by kinetic helicity. We identify a critical value, $f_{h,crit}$ above which the magnetic spectrum develops maxima at wavenumber $= 1$ scale {\it and} at the forcing scale, For $f< f_{h,crit}$ the field peaks only at the resistive scale. Kinetic helicity may thus be important not only for generating a large scale field, but also for establishing observed peaks in magnetic spectra at the forcing scale. The turbulent Galactic disk provides an example where both large scale ($>$ supernova forcing scale) fields and small scale ($\le$ forcing scale, with peak at forcing scale) fields are observed. We discuss this, and the potential application to the protogalaxy, but also emphasize the limitations in applying our results to these systems.Comment: version accepted to ApJL, 10 pages, 3 fig

Arresting woodland bird decline in Australian agricultural landscapes: potential application of the European agri-environment model

This paper considered the applicability of the European model of land stewardship payments, in particular its support for biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes, to an Australian context. More broadly, the research approach described in the paper may also be applied to assessing the suitability of overseas stewardship schemes to the provision of any ecoservice in Australia, such as carbon sequestration and floodwater regulation

Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Spontaneous Large Animal Model of Human HCM.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common disease in pet cats, affecting 10-15% of the pet cat population. The similarity to human HCM, the rapid progression of disease, and the defined and readily determined endpoints of feline HCM make it an excellent natural model that is genotypically and phenotypically similar to human HCM. The Maine Coon and Ragdoll cats are particularly valuable models of HCM because of myosin binding protein-C mutations and even higher disease incidence compared to the overall feline population. The cat overcomes many of the limitations of rodent HCM models, and can provide enhanced translation of information from in vitro and induced small animal models to human clinical trials. Physicians and veterinarians working together in a collaborative and interdisciplinary approach can accelerate the discovery of more effective treatments for this and other cardiovascular diseases affecting human and veterinary patients

The Norian "chaotic carbon interval": New clues from the δ13Corg record of the Lagonegro Basin (southern Italy)

A global carbon-isotope curve for the Late Triassic has the potential for global correlations and new insights on the complex and extreme environmental changes that took place in this time interval. We reconstruct the global δ 13 C org profile for the late Norian, improving on sparse published data from North American successions that depict a "chaotic carbon-isotope interval" with rapid oscillations. In this context, we studied three sections outcropping in the Lagonegro Basin (southern Italy), originally located in the western Tethys. The carbon-isotope profiles show four negative excursions correlatable within the Lagonegro Basin. In particular, a negative shift close to the Norian/Rhaetian boundary (NRB) appears to correlate with that observed in the North American δ 13 C org record, documenting the widespread occurrence of this carbon cycle perturbation. The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and 187 Os/ 188 Os profiles suggest that this negative shift was possibly caused by emplacement of a large igneous province (LIP). The release of greenhouse gases (CO 2 ) to the atmosphere-ocean system is supported by the 12 C enrichment observed, as well as by the increase of atmospheric p CO 2 inferred by different models for the Norian/Rhaetian interval. The trigger of this strongly perturbed interval could thus be enhanced magmatic activity that could be ascribed to the Angayucham province (Alaska, North America), a large oceanic plateau active ca. 214 ± 7 Ma, which has an estimated volume comparable to the Wrangellia and the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) LIPs. In fact, these three Late Triassic igneous provinces may have caused extreme environmental and climate changes during the Late Triassic

Biotic Resistance Via Granivory: Establishment by Invasive, Naturalized, and Native Asters Reflects Generalist Preference

Escape from specialist natural enemies is frequently invoked to explain exotic plant invasions, but little attention has been paid to how generalist consumers in the recipient range may influence invasion. We examined how seed preferences of the widespread generalist granivore Peromyscus maniculatus related to recruitment of the strongly invasive exotic Centaurea stoebe and several weakly invasive exotics and natives by conducting laboratory feeding trials and seed addition experiments in the field. Laboratory feeding trials showed that P. maniculatus avoided consuming seeds of C. stoebe relative to the 12 other species tested, even when seeds of alternative species were 53–94% smaller than those of C. stoebe. Seed addition experiments conducted in and out of rodent exclosures revealed that weakly invasive exotics experienced relatively greater release from seed predation than C. stoebe, although this was not the case for natives. Seed mass explained 81% of the variation in recruitment associated with rodent exclusion for natives and weak invaders, with larger-seeded species benefiting most from protection from granivores. However, recruitment of C. stoebe was unaffected by rodent exclusion, even though the regression model predicted seeds of correspondingly large mass should experience substantial predation. These combined laboratory and field results suggest that generalist granivores can be an important biological filter in plant communities and that species-specific seed attributes that determine seed predation may help to explain variation in native plant recruitment and the success of exotic species invasions

Counterintuitive Effects of Large-Scale Predator Removal on a Midlatitude Rodent Community

Historically, small mammals have been focal organisms for studying predator–prey dynamics, principally because of interest in explaining the drivers of the cyclical dynamics exhibited by northern vole, lemming, and hare populations. However, many small-mammal species occur at relatively low and fairly stable densities at temperate latitudes, and our understanding of how complex predator assemblages influence the abundance and dynamics of these species is surprisingly limited. In an intact grassland ecosystem in western Montana, USA, we examined the abundance and dynamics of Columbian ground squirrels (Spermophilus columbianus), deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), and montane voles (Microtus montanus) on 1-ha plots where we excluded mammalian and avian predators and ungulates, excluded ungulates alone, or allowed predators and ungulates full access. Our goal was to determine whether the relatively low population abundance and moderate population fluctuations of these rodents were due to population suppression by predators. Our predator-exclusion treatment was divided into two phases: a phase where we excluded all predators except weasels (Mustela spp.; 2002–2005), and a phase where all predators including weasels were excluded (2006–2009). Across the entire duration of the experiment, predator and/or ungulate exclusion had no effect on the abundance or overall dynamics of ground squirrels and deer mice. Ground squirrel survival (the only species abundant enough to accurately estimate survival) was also unaffected by our experimental treatments. Prior to weasel exclusion, predators also had no impacts on montane vole abundance or dynamics. However, after weasel exclusion, vole populations reached greater population peaks, and there was greater recruitment of young animals on predator-exclusion plots compared to plots open to predators during peak years. These results suggest that the impacts of predators cannot be generalized across all rodents in an assemblage. Furthermore, they suggest that specialist predators can play an important role in suppressing vole abundance even in lower-latitude vole populations that occur at relatively low densities