[Review of] Edward Charles Valandra. Not without Our Consent: Lakota Resistance to Termination, 1950-59

Although South Dakota is the home territory of many Lakota, Dakota and Nakota nations, it has often been a dangerous place to be an Indian, especially in the western half of the state, where most of the tribal lands lie. Ranchers, miners and others have a long history of trying to lay claim to those lands, using, alternately, quasi-legal and violent means

CHIRAL 1, 2-DIAMINO GUESTS IN CHAIN REPLACEMENT PEPTIDOMIMETICS: A NEW HELICAL MOTIF

Peptides are short, sequence and length specific oligomers composed of small amino acid residues. Nature has refined these peptide sequences and their endogenous function through evolution. In addition, peptides have played an important role in medicine, which has lead to further research into developing peptides as lead pharmaceuticals (therapeutic peptides). Unfortunately, therapeutic peptides are inferior as drug candidates due to their low oral bioavailability; immunogenicity and potential to be attacked by peptidases. Fortunately, peptides can be modified by steric constraints, cyclization, and/or replacement of the peptide backbone itself creating a mimic (peptidomimetic) of the original peptide. Peptidomimetics are deliberately designed to have increased protease resistance, reduced immunogenicity and improved bioavailability when compared to the original endogenous peptide. One such peptide, Magainin is a O One such peptide, Magainin is a well-studied, a-helical peptide found in African clawed frogs. This peptide has antibiotic properties (against pathogenic bacteria), which partly arises from the hydrophilic portion of the peptide having basic amino acid side chains periodically disposed on one side of the a-helix. This property of magainin causes its attraction to negatively charged bacteria cell membranes. Unfortunately, as in the case of other antibiotics, pathogenic bacteria have developed effective countermeasures against magainin. We designed a peptidomimetic based on magainin and implemented a plan to determine what type of molecules could be assembled for a magainin mimic. We successfully utilized molecular modeling (Monte Carlo conformational search), as well as results from previous experiments to elucidate what type of molecules, as well as how many molecules would be necessary to create a novel helical-like magainin peptidomimetic. It was discovered that C2 symmetric diamines would be best at generating the helical-like motif and the amino acid lysine to generate the basic side chain. The next step was the successful connection of two C2 symmetric molecules via a urea linkage and then one more connection to a lysine (a-amino group) residue, creating a short sequence of oligoureas (trimers). Finally, attempts to connect the oligoureas trimers were attempted using a solid-phase synthesis approach to generate a functional magainin mimic

Earthquake Segment Boundaries and Tsunamigenic Faults of the Kodiak Segment, Alaska-Aleutian Subduction Zone

The most recent megathrust earthquake to impact the Alaska subduction zone was the M9.2 Great Alaska earthquake of 1964. This multi-segment rupture spanned over 700 km of the plate boundary and engendered both local and trans-Pacific tsunamis. The Kodiak Islands region served as the southwestern limit to rupture. The nature of past megathrust segmentation for the Alaska subduction zone has been largely hypothesized through paleoseismological methods and the Kodiak region in particular has not received a comprehensive geophysical characterization of its inferred segment boundaries. I analyze multiple geophysical datasets (e.g. seismic reflection, earthquake, potential fields) to understand the spatiotemporal relationships between subduction, accretion, lower and upper plate structure, and tsunamigenic fault hazard in the context of the known megathrust earthquake record and other interseismic observations for the Kodiak region. The northeast Kodiak segment boundary is defined by the subducting 58° fracture zone, which can be traced below the forearc using magnetic and gravitational fields. Subduction of this feature is expressed on post-1964 seismicity, is consistent with oblique shortening, and manifests itself within the upper plate as the Portlock Anticline. The southwest segment boundary marks the transition between the Kodiak and Semidi segments. It is shown to be a region that shifts from significant margin erosion to a region of imbricate thrusting and margin growth. These two zones are bound by fracture zone subduction. I furthermore independently constrain and compliment paleoseismological models of joint Kodiak and Semidi segment rupture by identifying and characterizing a through-going marine fault zone across this segment boundary. Finally, I revisit the source mechanisms for the local tsunami that inundated the Kodiak Islands as a result of the 1964 earthquake. I provide a new tsunamigenic source model that suggests discrete uplift of the Kodiak Islands shelf fault system and illuminate its along-strike rupture variability throughout the Holoecene epoch. My findings suggest segment boundaries across Kodiak have a clear geophysical expression and a multi-dataset approach is necessary to decipher tectonic controls on megathrust segmentation

Conversion, Justification, and the Experience of Grace in the Post-Aldergate Wesley: Towards an Understanding of who is a child of God.

Aldersgate is highlighted from the angle of its significance on Wesley\u27s theological thinking and subsequent ministry, rather than from an emphasis on his point of conversion. The Post-Aldersgate Wesley developed a soteriological understanding that identified a child of God with distinct qualifications, namely justification by faith, the experience of grace, and the indwelling Spirit. A theology of conversion also emerges with definitive markers that constitute a new standing from non-Christian to Christian. Shifts in Wesley\u27s theological understanding of Christian faith are evaluated. Justification by faith remained a strict soteriological principle in the mind of the mature Wesley. As well, the experience of grace continued to be upheld as producing distinguishing marks in a child of God. Accordingly a Christian\u27s new filial relationship with God provides a newly found self- understanding. Altogether, the Post-Aldersgate Wesley developed an understanding of Christian faith that portrays how he certified a child of God

How the Transition Region Along the Cascadia Megathrust Influences Coseismic Behavior: Insights From 2‐D Dynamic Rupture Simulations

There is a strong need to model potential rupture behaviors for the next Cascadia megathrust earthquake. However, there exists significant uncertainty regarding the extent of downdip rupture and rupture speed. To address this problem, we study how the transition region (i.e., the gap), which separates the locked from slow‐slip regions, influences coseismic rupture propagation using 2‐D dynamic rupture simulations governed by a slip‐weakening friction law. We show that rupture propagation through the gap is strongly controlled by the amount of accumulated tectonic initial shear stress and gap friction level. A large amplitude negative dynamic stress drop is needed to arrest downdip rupture. We also observe downdip supershear rupture when the gradient in effective normal stress from the locked to slow‐slip regions is dramatic. Our results justify kinematic rupture models that extend below the gap and suggests the possibility of high‐frequency energy radiation during the next Cascadia megathrust earthquake.Plain Language SummaryHow large, deep, and damaging a future earthquake will be depends on factors such as energy release that must be constrained by precise observations of previous earthquakes in the same area. But such data are rarely available. Instead, computer models of earthquakes guided by the laws of physics can provide us with estimates of potential ground shaking for a future event. In our study, we design two‐dimensional earthquake simulations for the Cascadia fault below the northwestern United States coast and test different hypotheses for how stress may be accumulating at depth along this fault. Our models focus on a portion of the fault referred to as the “gap.” The gap physically separates a shallow region that slips during large earthquakes from a deeper region that experiences intermittent slip between large earthquakes. A gap region similar to that in Cascadia is also found in Japan, Mexico, and around other active faults worldwide. We find that our simulated rupture is able to extend to deeper regions at faster speeds given the current understanding of stress levels and earthquake fault friction in the gap. While this work represents only a first step toward understanding how stresses and friction influence how the Cascadia fault might slip, it lays the foundation for modeling more complex physics that can help scientists better predict shaking from seismic waves.Key PointsWe examine dynamic source effects on along‐dip rupture propagation for a Cascadia megathrust earthquakeSimulated earthquake rupture is able to penetrate through the transition zone and reach the deeper slow‐slip regionOur results underscore the potential for a deeper downdip rupture and faster rupture speed than previously assumed in kinematic modelsPeer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/148357/1/grl58609.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/148357/2/grl58609_am.pd

A Hydro Wheel System in A Non-Natural Pond Using Renewable

One of the most cost-effective ways to generate electricity is through waterwheels. Because of the need for clean energy and sustainable electricity production, hydropower currently plays an important role in meeting energy demand. Although water wheels were studied academically as early as the eighteenth century, they were mostly ignored until the twentieth century. Only in the last two decades has there been a revived interest in their use among scientists. The researcher came up with this topic to discuss its benefits and how it will be beneficial in our daily lives and make our surroundings safe, which needs enough light and helps the school or park premises lighten up the dark areas at night. Having enough illumination inside the premises of in schools and parks, according to numerous sources and data gathering findings, will help folks become comfortable in the location they are staying or visiting. Good illumination can help with mobility, safety, and security

Enhanced Characterization of Drug Metabolism and the Influence of the Intestinal Microbiome: A Pharmacokinetic, Microbiome, and Untargeted Metabolomics Study.

Determining factors that contribute to interindividual and intra-individual variability in pharmacokinetics (PKs) and drug metabolism is essential for the optimal use of drugs in humans. Intestinal microbes are important contributors to variability; however, such gut microbe-drug interactions and the clinical significance of these interactions are still being elucidated. Traditional PKs can be complemented by untargeted mass spectrometry coupled with molecular networking to study the intricacies of drug metabolism. To show the utility of molecular networking on metabolism we investigated the impact of a 7-day course of cefprozil on cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity using a modified Cooperstown cocktail and assessed plasma, urine, and fecal data by targeted and untargeted metabolomics and molecular networking in healthy volunteers. This prospective study revealed that cefprozil decreased the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP3A, decreased alpha diversity and increased interindividual microbiome variability. We further demonstrate a relationship between the loss of microbiome alpha diversity caused by cefprozil and increased drug and metabolite formation in fecal samples. Untargeted metabolomics/molecular networking revealed several omeprazole metabolites that we hypothesize may be metabolized by both CYP2C19 and bacteria from the gut microbiome. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that factors that perturb the gut microbiome, such as antibiotics, alter drug metabolism and ultimately drug efficacy and toxicity but that these effects are most strongly revealed on a per individual basis

Cis-2,6-Disubstituted Piperidines for the Treatment of Psychostimulant Abuse and Withdrawal, Eating Disorders, and Central Nervous System Diseases and Pathologies

Cis-2,6-disubstituted piperdine analogs, or lobeline analogs, having the general formula: To see the remainder of this abstract, please download this patent

Sistem Smart –Banner Berbasis Mikrokontroler

X banner merupakan salah satu jenis media periklanan yang sangat lazim digunakan dalam hal periklanan. X banner juga bisa digunakan sebagai tempat promosi akan suatu hal. X banner saat ini belum dianggap terlalu efektif karena sifat X banner yang hanya satu arah saja, sehingga yang melihat hanya bisa dari satu arah. Masalah ini kemudian yang menjadi dasar perancangan sistem smart X banner yang berputar ke segala arah yaitu dengan mengarah secara otomatis ke tempat keramaian orang. Keramaian orang berdasarkan hasil deteksi halangan orang terdepan setiap 15 derajat. Smart X banner dilengkapi dengan sensor ultrasonik untuk mendeteksi keramaian orang. Selain itu X banner juga dilengkapi dengan speaker untuk menambahkan fitur suara pada iklan tersebut. Perancangan ini terdiri atas 4 buah X banner dengan X banner utama yang mengarah ke arah deteksi keramaian. Ketika hasil deteksi masih sama maka X banner bergeser ke X banner ke 2 dan seterusnya