Productividad de Pleurotus ostreatus em residuos de Amazônia

The viability of the utilization of wood and agroindustrial residues available in the Amazon region in the formulation of alternative substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus was tested. Thus, two wood residues: marupá sawdust (SIAMP) and pau-de-balsa sawdust (SAPB), and two substrates derived from agroindustrial residues: sugar-cane bagasse (SIACN) and pupunheira stem (SIAPP), were used. These were supplemented with a mixture of rice bran, wheat and corn as protein source, with addition of 2-3% of CaCO3 for pH correction (6.5). The substrates were placed in polyethylene (HDPE) bags, sterilized at 121°C for 1h and inoculated in a laminar flow chamber. The cultivation was carried out in an axenic way, in a modified atmosphere. The productivity of the substrates was evaluated in relation to the biological efficiency, with the following mean results: 125.60, 99.80%, 94.00 and 64.60% for SIAPP, SIACN, SIAMP and SIAPB, respectively. The high biological efficiency of the substrates and the cultivation process clearly showed the viability of the utilization of the residues, suggesting the commercial cultivation of this mushroom, which may contribute for improving the social and economical conditions and sustainability of the regional biodiversity resources of Amazonia

SELEÇÃO DE BACTÉRIAS ENDOFÍTICAS COM AÇÃO ANTAGÔNICA A FITOPATÓGENOS

Muitos métodos rápidos e eficientes de seleção de agentes de biocontrole de fitopatógenos tem sido utilizados, visando reduzir tempo e custo dispendido em testes de campo. Neste trabalho realizou-se uma seleção de isolados endofíticos com potencial de uso no biocontrole de fitopatógenos em testes de antagonismo in vitro. De um total de 95 isolados de bactérias endofíticas do milho, seis foram selecionados quanto à inibição a Pythium aphanidermatum. A essa seleção, foram incluídos um isolado de Bacillus subtilis 0G, Bacillus lentimorbus e Streptomyces sp., para verificação de antagonismo a Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium moniliforme, Sclerotium rolfsii e Exserohilum turcicum. Verificou-se que os endofíticos B. subtilis 0G, B. lentimorbus e Streptomyces sp., apresentaram ação antagônica superior aos demais, com taxas de inibição entre 32,0% e 53,8%. Dentre os endofíticos do milho, Bacillus agaradhaerens foi o que mais se destacou, com taxas de inibição variando entre 43,7% e 52,3% e indicando uma inespecificidade de ação. Este estudo, embora preliminar, permite vislumbrar a utilização desses endofíticos na supressão de doenças em diferentes sistemas patógeno-hospedeiro em testes subseqüentes, sob condições de casa-de-vegetação e a campo.Several fast and efficient methods of selection of biocontrol agents of plant diseases has been used, to reduce time and cost expended in the field tests. This work took place a selection of isolated endophytics with potential for use in biocontrol of plant pathogens in tests of antagonism in vitro. Out of a total of 95 isolates of bacteria endophytic maize, six were selected on the inhibition to Pythium aphanidermatum. In this selection, were included one isolate of Bacillus subtilis 0G, Bacillus lentimorbus and Streptomyces sp. For verification of antagonism to Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium moniliforme, Sclerotium rolfsii and Exserohilum turcicum. It was found that the endophytics B. subtilis 0G, B. lentimorbus and Streptomyces sp. showed more antagonic action to the other, with inhibition rates of between 32,0% and 53,8%. Among the endofíticos maize, Bacillus agaradhaerens was what stood out most, with rates of inhibition ranging between 43,7% and 52,3%, indicating a inespecificity of action. This study, though preliminary, to see the use of such endophytics to the elimination of diseases in different host-pathogen systems in subsequent tests under conditions of house-to-vegetation and field

Avaliação in vitro do crescimento micelial de cinco linhagens de Agaricus blazei em duas temperaturas In vitro evaluation of the mycelial growth of five Agaricus blazei strains in two temperatures

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento micelial in vitro de cinco linhagens de Agaricus blazei (ABL-05/53, ABL-04/49, ABL-03/44, ABL-99/30 e ABL-02/51), quando submetidas às temperaturas de 20 e 25ºC. Em câmara de fluxo laminar, discos das linhagens foram inoculadas no centro de placas de Petri contendo o meio CA (composto-ágar) e incubadas em estufa BOD. Após 48 horas, iniciaram-se as medidas do crescimento micelial, com auxílio de uma régua graduada em milímetros, através de quatro medições equidistantes entre si, até o momento em que, em um dos tratamentos, a colônia fúngica atingisse a proximidade das bordas da placa de Petri. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2. Cada tratamento constou de sete repetições, correspondente a uma placa de Petri, totalizando setenta unidades experimentais. Verificou-se que o crescimento de A. blazei é influenciado pela temperatura de incubação, sendo que a temperatura de 25°C foi mais favorável para o crescimento micelial de todas as linhagens de A. blazei avaliadas, com destaque para as linhagens ABL-04/49 e ABL-03/44 que obtiveram as maiores médias de crescimento micelial nesta condição de temperatura ao final do ciclo de cultivo.AbstractThe objective of the work was to evaluate the in vitro mycelial growth of five A. blazei strains (ABL-05/53, ABL-04/49, ABL-03/44, ABL-99/30 and ABL-02/51) when submitted to the temperatures of 20 and 25 ºC. In a laminar flow chamber, discs of the strains were inoculated in the middle of Petri’s plates containing CA (compost-agar) medium and incubated in BOD. After 48 hours, measurements of the mycelial growth began, with the help of a ruler with scale in millimeters, by means of four equidistant measurements, until the moment when the fungal colony reached near the edges of the Petri’s plate in one of the treatments. The experimental design was totally randomized, in 5 x 2 factorial design. Each treatment consisted of seven repetitions, corresponding to one Petri’s plate, totalizing seventy experimental units. We verified that A. blazei growth is influenced by incubation temperature, being that the temperature of 25 ºC was more favorable for the mycelial growth of all A. blazei strains tested, with attention for ABL-04/49 and ABL-03/44 strains, which obtained the highest averages for mycelial growth under this temperature condition at the end of the cultivation cycle

Crescimento micelial in vitro de cinco linhagens de Agaricus bisporus submetidas a diferentes condições de temperatura

The in vitro mycelium growth of Agaricus bisporus strains ABI-05/03, ABI-06/04, ABI-04/02, ABI-06/05 and ABI-01/01 was evaluated in solid culture media made up of compost. Evaluations were performed by means of measurements of four diameters of the colonies, every 48 hours, during 12 days of incubation in darkness under 20 and 25°C. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, using the Tukey test to compare averages. Based on the obtained results, it was verified that: mycelium growth of A. bisporus is influenced by the temperature of incubation; the temperature of 25°C was more favorable to the mycelium growth of all A. bisporus strains; under the temperature of 20°C, the best growth was obtained with strains ABI-06/05 and ABI-01/01 and, under the temperature of 25°C, strain ABI-01/01 showed significantly higher growth than all other strains

Influência da temperatura no crescimento micelial de linhagens de Lentinula edodesTemperature influence on the mycelial growth of Lentinula edodes strains

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento micelial in vitro de dez linhagens de L. edodes (LED 12, LED 20, LED 25, LED 27, LED 33, LED 35, LED 51, LED 55, LED 58, e LED 75), quando submetidas às temperaturas de 15, 20 e 25 ºC. Utilizou-se um meio agarizado preparado com extrato de madeira de eucalipto e farelo de soja, no qual fez-se a medição radial do crescimento micelial das linhagens de L. edodes. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 10 x 3, cada tratamento constando de 5 repetições, correspondente a uma placa de Petri. Verificou-se que o crescimento de L. edodes é influenciado pela temperatura de incubação, sendo que a temperatura de 25 °C foi mais favorável para o crescimento micelial de todas as linhagens de L. edodes. Destaque foi dado às linhagens LE 75, LE 55, LE 33 e LE 12 que obtiveram as maiores médias de crescimento micelial a 25 °C ao final do ciclo de cultivo

Análise físico-Química e composição nutricional da matéria prima e de substratos prée pós cultivo de

The aim of the present study was to carry out the physical, chemical and nutritional analyses of the alternative substrates formulated from wood and agroindustrial residues of the Amazon for Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kummer cultivation. The determination of C, N, pH, humidity, soluble solids, protein, fat, total fiber, ash, carbohydrates (total and available) and energy were carried out. The substrates were formulated from sawdust of Simarouba amara Aubl. (marupá), Ochroma piramidale Cav. ex. Lam. (pau de balsa) and from the stem of Bactris gasipaes Kunth (pupunheira palm tree), and from Saccharum officinarum L. (sugar cane bagasse). The results demonstrated that the nutritional composition of the substrate is variable and the improvement of the quality of the spent substrate (energy and protein increment) promoted by the metabolism of the fungus during the cultivation, contributed for a more nutritive substrate than the initial one, which could be used as a compost for Agaricus sp. cultivation, as organic fertilizer, and for bioremediation for contaminated soils

Análise química da madeira e casca de diferentes tipos de eucalipto antes e durante o cultivo de shiitake em toras

Chemical composition of the wood and bark of seven eucalyptus species (E. saligna, E. grandis, E. urophylla, E. camaldulensis, E. citriodora, E. paniculata and E. pellita) and three eucalyptus clones (E. grandis x E. urophylla hybrids) were evaluated before and during log cultivation of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) strains LE-95/01 and LE-96/18. Each shiitake strain was inoculated into 9 logs, 1m in length and 9 to 14 cm in diameter, of each type of eucalyptus. The experimental design was complete randomized, with 20 treatments and 9 repetitions, with each log .corresponding to a repetition. Logs were kept in a greenhouse, at 25 °C ± 5 and relative air humidity between 60-80 %, for 12 months. Chemical composition was determined in newly cut disks and barks wedges of eucalyptus (without inoculation of L. edodes strains) and disks wedges removed from inoculated logs after 8 of incubation. Results showed differences in holocelluose, lignin and total extractives contents in wood and bark after cutting and after 8 months of incubation in the eucalypt species and clones. The highest hollocelullose decomposition rate in wood, over the time, occurred in E. saligna (5.5%), pointing out this species as the most favorable for micelial development of L. edodes, whereas for bark, it occurred in clone 24 (22.2%). E. camaldulensis presented the highest lignin decomposition rate in wood (6.8%), over the time. Bark of E. grandis showed the highest lignin decomposition (21.9%) among the tested eucalyptus. L. edodes degraded more holocellulose and lignin from bark than from wood, indicating the importance of this material. Bark of most eucalyptus types showed lower holocelluose content, higher total extractive content and lignin contents similar or higher compared with wood. The factor eucalypt type (species or clones) showed higher effect than L. edodes strains on degradation of holocelluose and lignin

Resíduos de bananeira como substrato base para o cultivo in vitro de Coprinus comatusBanana tree residues as base substrate for the in vitro cultivation of Coprinus comatus

O Coprinus comatus é um fungo lignícola e comestível que tem demonstrado grande potencial para sua exploração comercial, por se desenvolver facilmente nos mais diferentes resíduos, entre eles a folha de bananeira. Assim, avaliou-se o crescimento micelial de Coprinus comatus em meios de cultura à base de folhas das diferentes cultivares de bananeira: Thap-Maeo, Prata-Anã Pelipita e Caipira, com 20% de suplementação com farelo de trigo, soja e arroz. Em câmara de fluxo laminar, discos de 7 mm de diâmetro, da linhagem CCO 01/01 de C. comatus, foram inoculados no centro das placas de Petri contendo meio de cultura. Em seguida, as placas foram dispostas inteiramente ao acaso em incubadora a 25 ºC. Após 24 horas, iniciaram-se as medições diárias do crescimento micelial, até que um dos tratamentos atingisse as bordas da placa de Petri. De acordo com os resultado obtidos, verificou-se que: para os meios de cultura à base das cultivares de bananeira Thap-Maeo, Prata-Anã e Pelipita não houve efeito do tipo de suplementação; para o meio à base da cultivar Caipira os farelos de trigo e arroz proporcionaram as melhores médias de crescimento. Assim, os resíduos de bananeira podem ser uma alternativa viável e ecologicamente correta no cultivo de C. comatus, especialmente as variedades Thap-Maeo e Prata-Anã que, independente da suplementação utilizada, proporcionaram as melhores médias de crescimento.Abstract Coprinus comatus is an edible and lignolitic fungus which has presented great potential for commercial use due to its easy development in the different residues, such as banana tree leave. Thus, the mycelial growth of Coprinus comatus in culture media based on leaves of Thap-Maeo, Prata-Anã, Pelipita and Caipira banana tree cultivars, supplemented with 20% of wheat, soy and rice brans, was evaluated. 7 mm-wide discs of CCO 01/01 strain of C. comatus were inoculated in the middle of Petri dishes containing culture medium, inside a laminar flow chamber. Next, the dishes were arranged totally at random inside an incubator at 25 ºC. The daily measurements of the mycelial growth began after 24 hours, until one of the treatments reached the borders of the Petri dish. According to the results obtained, we verified that there was not effect of the kind of supplementation for culture media based on Thap-Maeo, Prata-Anã and Pelipita; the best growth averages for culture media based on Caipira were provided by wheat and rice brans. Therefore, banana residues may be a viable and ecologically correct choice for the cultivation of C. comatus, especially for Thap-Maeo and Prata Anã sorts, which provided the best growth averages, regardless of the supplementation used