Réponse immunitaire des lymphocytes murins exposés à des métaux lourds

Parmi les contaminants environnementaux reconnus pour leur toxicité et leur propagation à travers le monde, les métaux lourds sont certainement d'une première préoccupation. Des études démontrent que les métaux lourds peuvent altérer différents systèmes dont le système immunitaire. Ils peuvent induire des effets immunomodulateurs qui pourront avoir comme conséquences, l'augmentation de la susceptibilité à des agents infectieux, l'apparition de maladies néoplasiques et de maladies auto-immunes. Afin de se protéger de cette agression, les cellules immunitaires induisent des thiols (cystéines, glutathion, métalloprotéines) qui sont des molécules capables de neutraliser les métaux en s'y liant et ainsi protéger l'organisme des effets néfastes. La pré-activation de ces cellules augmenterait leur contenu intracellulaire en thiols et les rendrait donc plus résistantes à l'effet néfaste des métaux lourds. Dans cette étude, nous avons voulu démontrer, l'effet de la pré-activation\ud des lymphocytes avec la concanavaline A sur la toxicité de certains métaux lourds tels que le mercure (organique et inorganique), le cadmium, le zinc et le sélénium. Nous avons mesuré la prolifération Iymphoblastique, la viabilité, l'apoptose ainsi que le niveau de thiols intracellulaires dans ces cellules pré-activées ou non pré-activées. Pour la prolifération lymphoblastique, les cellules pré-activées ont été significativement plus résistantes que les cellules au repos pour les deux formes de mercure, le cadmium et le zinc. Le niveau de thiols a été significativement augmenté chez les lymphocytes pré-activés de même que la viabilité, alors que l'apoptose a été augmentée dans les lymphocytes pré-activés par rapport à leur contrôle respectif en présence de mercure inorganique, de zinc et de sélénium. Les résultats suggèrent que la pré-activation des lymphocytes entraîne une augmentation du niveau de thiols intracellulaires leur procurant une meilleure protection contre l'effet néfaste des métaux lourds

La cytométrie en flux comme outil pour caractériser et évaluer le potentiel de fertilité des spermatozoïdes bovins

Dans les troupeaux laitiers, le succès de l'insémination artificielle dépend, en grande partie, de la qualité de la semence. D est important de disposer de techniques analytiques fiables permettant d'évaluer la qualité de la semence. Actuellement, aucun paramètre pris isolément n'est corrélé de façon satisfaisante à la fertilité. L'évaluation multiparamétrique de la semence est une option intéressante pour améliorer l'efficacité des tests de fertilité. Ce mémoire porte sur la caractérisation, via la cytometric en flux, des spermatozoïdes bovins cryopréservés. Différents paramètres ont été étudiés tels que la viabilité, l'activité mitochondriale, l'intégrité de la membrane acrosomale, le pH intracellulaire, le Ca2+ intracellulaire et celui emmagasiné dans la cellule. Ces paramètres ont été évalués postdécongélation et suite à cinq heures d'incubation en présence ou non d'héparine comme inducteur de la capacitation. Pour chacune des conditions, on a étudié les effets et les interactions de chacun des paramètres et leur relation avec la fertilité in vivo

Energy status and immune system alterations in Elliptio complanata after ingestion of cyanobacteria Anabaena flos-aquae.

International audienceCyanobacteria have often been described as nutritionally poor for herbivorous organisms. To gain additional information on the potential impacts of invertebrates feeding on cyanobacteria, we fed Elliptio complanata mussels with two types of algae: Anabaena flos-aquae (cyanobacteria) and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (green algae). Physiological parameters were examined at the energy status, immune system and oxidative stress levels. Energy status was examined by following the rate of electron transport activity in mitochondria (a measure of cellular energy expense) and lipid/sugar stores in the visceral mass. The cyanobacteria were not actively producing toxins. Based on the digestive gland index, the mussels fed equally on either regime. However, the energy status in mussels fed A. flos-aquae revealed that the total sugar was lower in the digestive gland, whereas mitochondrial electron transport activity (MET), once corrected against the digestive gland somatic index, showed increased energy expenses. Acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were also higher in mussels fed with A. flos-aquae compared with mussels fed with P. subcapitata. LPO was correlated by mitochondrial activity in both the digestive gland and gills, suggesting that oxidative stress resulted from metabolic respiration. Immunocompetence (phagocytic activity, natural killer cell-like activity, haemocyte count and viability) and humoral level of lysozyme were not affected in mussels by the algae or cyanobacteria regime. Moreover, the xenobiotic conjugating enzyme, glutathione S-transferase, hemoprotein oxidase and vitellogenin-like proteins were not affected in mussel organs via ingestion of A. flos-aquae. Our study suggests that ingestion of cyanobacteria leads to increased energy expenses, oxidative stress and increased acetylcholine turnover in mussels

Effect of temperature on immunocompetence of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)

The blue mussel is a filter-feeding bivalve commonly used in ecotoxicological monitoring as a sentinel species. Due to climate change and the increase of temperature expected in marine environment, it is important to anticipate potential impacts on this species. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunocompetence of blue mussels acclimated to different temperatures and on the effects of increasing temperatures (5, 10 and 20°C). Different indices and gonad maturation stages were also determined throughout the experiments. Cell viability, phagocytosis, serum lysozyme activity and cyclooxygenase (COX) activity were evaluated as immune parameters. The cellular immunity was also evaluated after hemocytes exposure to various cadmium concentrations in vitro. The results obtained demonstrate modulation of hemocyte viability and the ability of these cells to phagocytize in absence of contaminants. After the exposure to cadmium, hemocytes showed greater viability at 5°C while maintaining a higher phagocytic competence. In addition, the lysozyme activity stayed stable at all tested temperatures, contrary to that of COX, which increased when the mussels were maintained at 20°C. The evaluation of indices demonstrated no reduction of general conditions during all the experiment despite the increase of temperature and the reduction of the digestive gland weight. Moreover, the lack of food does not affect gonad maturation and the spawning process

T lymphocyte-proliferative responses of harbor seal ( Phoca vitulina ) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) exposed to pharmaceuticals in vitro

International audienceThe ubiquity of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment and the accumulation in organisms of lower trophic levels have been documented. The immunotoxicity of these xenobiotics has however been little investigated. This study assessed the effects of pharmaceuticals on the immune responses of harbor seal lymphocytes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from harbor seal pups were exposed to varying concentrations of 17α-ethinyl estradiol (250-50,000μg/L), naproxen (500-100,000μg/L), carbamazepine (500-100,000μg/L), erythromycin (750-150,000μg/L) and binary mixtures thereof in vitro. All individual compounds and mixtures inhibited lymphocyte proliferation. Mixture effects were non-additive and predictive values overestimated the inhibition of proliferation. Male pups were more sensitive to erythromycin exposure. Comparison with the sensitivity of the 11B7501 cell line showed a higher sensitivity of pups to individual compounds and the inverse trend for mixtures. Based on our results, we hypothesize that pharmaceuticals may have the potential to interrupt immune functions in harbor seals

Dechlorane Plus induces oxidative stress and decreases cyclooxygenase activity in the blue mussel.

International audienceDechlorane Plus (DP) is a chlorinated flame retardant used mainly in electrical wire and cable coating, computer connectors, and plastic roofing materials. Concentrations of DP (syn and anti isomers) are increasingly being reported in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. However, there is exceedingly little information on the exposure-related toxicity of DP in aquatic organisms, especially in bivalves. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vivo and in vitro effects of DP exposure on histopathology, lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, phagocytosis capacity and efficiency, and DNA strand breakage in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) following a 29days exposure (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0μg DP/L). Blue mussels accumulated DP in muscle and digestive gland in a dose-dependent manner. LPO levels in gills were found to increase by 82% and 67% at the 0.01 and 1.0μg DP/L doses, respectively, while COX activity in gills decreased by 44% at the 1μg/L dose. No histopathological lesion was found in gonads following DP exposure. Moreover, no change in hemocyte DNA strand breakage, phagocytosis rate, and viability was observed following DP exposure. Present study showed that toxicity of DP may occur primarily via oxidative stress in the blue mussel and potentially other bivalves, and that gills represent the most responsive tissue to this exposure

Responses of freshwater mussel (Elliptio complanata) hemocytes exposed in vitro to crude extracts of Microcystis aeruginosa and Lyngbya wollei.

International audienceLyngbya wollei is a benthic filamentous cyanobacterium that produces a toxin analogous to the neurotoxic saxitoxin known as lyngbyatoxin (LYNGTX). Microcystis aeruginosa form blooms in the pelagic area of eutrophic lakes and produce a series of potent hepatotoxins-microcystins (MCYST). The aim of this study in vitro study was to examine the difference between the crude extracts of either M. aeruginosa or L. wollei toward the immune system of Elliptio complanata mussels. Freshly isolated hemolymph was plated and exposed to the crude extract of each species at LYNGTX or MCYST equivalent concentrations of 5, 10 and 25 μg/L for 18 h. Immunocompetence was characterized by following changes in hemocyte numbers, metabolic activity (viability), and phagocytosis. Hemocyte counts were not affected, indicating no turnover of hemocytes. Hemocyte metabolic activity was higher in cells exposed to crude extracts of L. wollei. Exposure to L. wollei extracts led to decreased pro-inflammatory precursors such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) activities. Phagocytosis increased at 25 μg/L for both types of crude extracts. However, hemocytes exposed to crude extracts of M. aeruginosa produced more ROS and COX compared to hemocytes exposed to crude extracts of L. wollei. In conclusion, the data suggest that the crude extract of M. aeruginosa was more toxic than crude extract of L. wollei to mussel hemocytes

Genotoxic and immunotoxic potential effects of selected psychotropic drugs and antibiotics on blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) hemocytes.

International audienceThe potential toxicity of pharmaceuticals towards aquatic invertebrates is still poorly understood and sometimes controversial. This study aims to document the in vitro genotoxicity and immunotoxicity of psychotropic drugs and antibiotics on Mytilus edulis. Mussel hemocytes were exposed to fluoxetine, paroxetine, venlafaxine, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and erythromycin, at concentrations ranging from μg/L to mg/L. Paroxetine at 1.5 μg/L led to DNA damage while the same concentration of venlafaxine caused immunomodulation. Fluoxetine exposure resulted in genotoxicity, immunotoxicity and cytotoxicity. In the case of antibiotics, trimethoprim was genotoxic at 200 μg/L and immunotoxic at 20 mg/L whereas erythromycin elicited same detrimental effects at higher concentrations. DNA metabolism seems to be a highly sensitive target for psychotropic drugs and antibiotics. Furthermore, these compounds affect the immune system of bivalves, with varying intensity. This attests the relevance of these endpoints to assess the toxic mode of action of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment