Exploring the linkages between education sector governance, inequity, conflict, and peacebuilding in Kenya

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Dataset for "Climate anxiety in children and young people and their beliefs about government responses to climate change: a global survey"

The dataset is of 10,000 participants, aged 16–25 years and is fully anonymised. It includes data from 1,000 people in each of 10 countries: Australia, Brazil, Finland, France, India, Nigeria, Philippines, Portugal, the UK, and the USA. Quota sampling was used, based on age, gender, and region. Because quota sampling did not lead to complete representativeness by country, collected data were weighted based on statistics from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development for each country by age group, gender, and region. The survey completed includes questions about climate anxiety – worry, impaired functioning, emotions, thoughts, and experiences of being dismissed or ignored. There are also responses relating to thoughts and emotions about government inaction on climate change. The dataset is stored in the format used by statistical programme SPSS.Young people aged 16–25 were recruited via the professional online participant recruitment platform Kantar. The Kantar Profiles Network provides automated access to first-party data compliantly, with speed and at scale, with over 100 million research-ready respondents across the world. This survey gathered samples of 16–25 year-olds, from countries across the world, as such it is aiming to recruit 1000 participants from 10 different countries (10,000) from the Global North and Global South. These countries were: UK, Finland, France, Brazil, Portugal, US, India, Australia, Nigeria, Philippines. The poll and information was translated into the relevant languages by translators working within the funding organisation (Avaaz). Participants had to be aged 16–25, be a participant of Kantar polling company (which indicates that they have already provided full, informed consent to take part in any polls distributed by Kantar). Kantar targeted the recruitment so that only people meeting this criteria will be invited and able to take part. Informed consent was already been gained by Kantar. Participants are already signed up with Kantar and have already agreed to take part in all surveys shared by Kantar. As part of this, all participants had already agreed to a data privacy contract with “Kantar Profiles” using their guidelines. According to GDPR, appropriate data protection measures are in place, and all participants had already consented to take part in surveys distributed by Kantar. Their comprehensive privacy policy is here: https://www.lifepointspanel.com/privacy. As such, no additional ‘consent process’ was required within the poll. Please note, all data provided from Kantar to the University of Bath was fully anonymous and there was be no risk of identification of participants at any point.No changes were made to the dataset provided by Kantar prior to analysis. Kantar used quota sampling, based on age, gender, and region. Because quota sampling did not lead to complete representativeness by country, collected data were weighted based on statistics from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development for each country by age group, gender, and region. This weighting was done by Kantar prior to receiving the dataset, and this weighted data was reported in publications from this study.Data was analysed in SPSS as provided here.Data is organised and encoded in line with the ordering of the survey as identified in the supplementary material of the published paper. The coding is documented in the 'Variables' page of the SPSS document

Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Attention in Young Mexican-American Children: The CHAMACOS Study

BackgroundExposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides, well-known neurotoxicants, has been associated with neurobehavioral deficits in children.ObjectivesWe investigated whether OP exposure, as measured by urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites in pregnant women and their children, was associated with attention-related outcomes among Mexican-American children living in an agricultural region of California.MethodsChildren were assessed at ages 3.5 years (n = 331) and 5 years (n = 323). Mothers completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). We administered the NEPSY-II visual attention subtest to children at 3.5 years and Conners' Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT) at 5 years. The K-CPT yielded a standardized attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Confidence Index score. Psychometricians scored behavior of the 5-year-olds during testing using the Hillside Behavior Rating Scale.ResultsPrenatal DAPs (nanomoles per liter) were nonsignificantly associated with maternal report of attention problems and ADHD at age 3.5 years but were significantly related at age 5 years [CBCL attention problems: β = 0.7 points; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.2-1.2; ADHD: β = 1.3; 95% CI, 0.4-2.1]. Prenatal DAPs were associated with scores on the K-CPT ADHD Confidence Index > 70th percentile [odds ratio (OR) = 5.1; 95% CI, 1.7-15.7] and with a composite ADHD indicator of the various measures (OR = 3.5; 95% CI, 1.1-10.7). Some outcomes exhibited evidence of effect modification by sex, with associations found only among boys. There was also limited evidence of associations between child DAPs and attention.ConclusionsIn utero DAPs and, to a lesser extent, postnatal DAPs were associated adversely with attention as assessed by maternal report, psychometrician observation, and direct assessment. These associations were somewhat stronger at 5 years than at 3.5 years and were stronger in boys

Early maternal death following child removal:—A short report using observational data

Key Practitioner Messages• Mothers who have a child removed from their care often face a range of vulnerabilities, such as abuse in childhood, isolation, poverty, poor mental health, domestic abuse, and substance misuse, which contribute to the reasons for their children being removed.• Yet following this removal, and at a time of acute need for them due to the trauma involved, birth mothers frequently disappear from the gaze of services, as children's services are structured to meet the needs of the child.• There is evidence that mothers who have a child removed are at a significantly increased risk of early death.• While the need for support for the children is irrefutable, equally there needs to be specialist support for their mothers, which goes beyond children's services and involves health services

Multi-scale processes of beech wood disintegration and pretreatment with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate/water mixtures

Background: The valorization of biomass for chemicals and fuels requires efficient pretreatment. One effective strategy involves the pretreatment with ionic liquids which enables enzymatic saccharification of wood within a few hours under mild conditions. This pretreatment strategy is, however, limited by water and the ionic liquids are rather expensive. The scarce understanding of the involved effects, however, challenges the design of alternative pretreatment concepts. This work investigates the multi length-scale effects of pretreatment of wood in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMAc) in mixtures with water using spectroscopy, X-ray and neutron scattering. Results: The structure of beech wood is disintegrated in EMIMAc/water mixtures with a water content up to 8.6 wt%. Above 10.7 wt%, the pretreated wood is not disintegrated, but still much better digested enzymatically compared to native wood. In both regimes, component analysis of the solid after pretreatment shows an extraction of few percent of lignin and hemicellulose. In concentrated EMIMAc, xylan is extracted more efficiently and lignin is defunctionalized. Corresponding to the disintegration at macroscopic scale, SANS and XRD show isotropy and a loss of crystallinity in the pretreated wood, but without distinct reflections of type II cellulose. Hence, the microfibril assembly is decrystallized into rather amorphous cellulose within the cell wall. Conclusions: The molecular and structural changes elucidate the processes of wood pretreatment in EMIMAc/water mixtures. In the aqueous regime with >10.7 wt% water in EMIMAc, xyloglucan and lignin moieties are extracted, which leads to coalescence of fibrillary cellulose structures. Dilute EMIMAc/water mixtures thus resemble established aqueous pretreatment concepts. In concentrated EMIMAc, the swelling due to decrystallinization of cellulose, dissolution of cross-linking xylan, and defunctionalization of lignin releases the mechanical stress to result in macroscopic disintegration of cells. The remaining cell wall constituents of lignin and hemicellulose, however, limit a recrystallization of the solvated cellulose. These pretreatment mechanisms are beyond common pretreatment concepts and pave the way for a formulation of mechanistic requirements of pretreatment with simpler pretreatment liquors. © 2016 Viell et al

The Heart of Maternal Mortality: Postpartum Cardiomyopathy and Its Upstream Determinants of Health

CASE: A 25-year-old obese African American female presented with dyspnea 6 weeks after a full-term vaginal delivery complicated by pre-eclampsia. Further work up showed LV enlargement without hypertrophy and globally decreased contractility consistent with postpartum cardiomyopathy as well as endocarditis with vegetations on the aortic and tricuspid valves. In the setting of poor patient compliance, patient progressed to worsening systolic heart failure as LVEF dropped from 45% to 25% within a year. Despite further management including valve replacement, ICD placement and a continuous milrinone treatment, LVEF continued to decline, with the lowest value at 12%. During one of her recurrent acute respiratory failures, the patient and team made the difficult decision to transition to palliative care, where she expired. BACKGROUND: Postpartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a life-threatening disease that arises between the last month of pregnancy and four months after delivery, where patients present with dyspnea, dizziness, or lower extremity edema. Although it is rare with an incidence of 1 case per 2187 live births, it has a high mortality rate in the US ranging from 6% to 10%, mostly in the first 30 days. DISCUSSION: Multiple recent studies have demonstrated the significance of early diagnosis of PPCM and its strong association with more favorable outcomes, including greater LVEF recovery and lower rates of morbidity and mortality. This evidence suggests the need for pre-discharge screening, in order to diagnose patients earlier and give them the greatest opportunity for a full recovery. Additionally, patient noncompliance, largely influenced by socioeconomic status and medical literacy of the patient, is another crucial factor that affects the prognosis of PPCM. Effective strategies to increase compliance include educating the patient, using an inter-professional healthcare team, and working with the psychological and socioeconomic barriers to compliance