Where are the men? A qualitative study of the role of men and masculinities in building a culture of peace in colombia

The purpose of this thesis is to build on the debate on the importance of gender awareness in peacebuilding and explore the role of men and masculinities in challenging norms of violence and building a culture of peace in Colombia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in Bogotá with seven organisations working with masculinities and eleven organisations working with women’s rights. The data gained was later analysed through a framework combining peace, gender and masculinity theories. This study found that organisations working with masculinities engage men through self-reflective activities to change behaviours and attitudes. The aim is to create new or alternative masculinities as opposed to the violent hegemonic masculinity they find being destructive for men as well as women. Within organisations working with women’s rights the role of men and masculinities is fairly absent. By working with individual and collective empowerment of women they aim to eliminate norms allowing for structural, cultural and direct violence against women. Lastly, to balance an increased focus on men and masculinities with the need to maintain autonomous spaces for women, as highlighted by organisations working with women’s rights, will be a challenge

Prognostic implications of p16 and HPV discordance in oropharyngeal cancer (HNCIG-EPIC-OPC): a multicentre, multinational, individual patient data analysis

Background p16(INK4a) (p16) immunohistochemistry is the most widely used biomarker assay for inferring HPV causation in oropharyngeal cancer in clinical and trial settings. However, discordance exists between p16 and HPV DNA or RNA status in some patients with oropharyngeal cancer. We aimed to clearly quantify the extent of discordance, and its prognostic implications. Methods In this multicentre, multinational individual patient data analysis, we did a literature search in PubMed and Cochrane database for systematic reviews and original studies published in English between Jan 1, 1970, and Sept 30, 2022. We included retrospective series and prospective cohorts of consecutively recruited patients previously analysed in individual studies with minimum cohort size of 100 patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Patient inclusion criteria were diagnosis with a primary squamous cell carcinoma of oropharyngeal cancer; data on p16 immunohistochemistry and on HPV testing; information on age, sex, tobacco, and alcohol use; staging by TNM 7th edition; information on treatments received; and data on clinical outcomes and follow-up (date of last follow-up if alive, date of recurrence or metastasis, and date and cause of death). There were no limits on age or performance status. The primary outcomes were the proportion of patients of the overall cohort who showed the different p16 and HPV result combinations, as well as 5-year overall survival and 5-year disease-free survival. Patients with recurrent or metastatic disease or who were treated palliatively were excluded from overall survival and disease-free survival analyses. Multivariable analysis models were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for different p16 and HPV testing methods for overall survival, adjusted for prespecified confounding factors. Findings Our search returned 13 eligible studies that provided individual data for 13 cohorts of patients with oropharyngeal cancer from the UK, Canada, Denmark, Sweden, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Spain. 7895 patients with oropharyngeal cancer were assessed for eligibility. 241 were excluded before analysis, and 7654 were eligible for p16 and HPV analysis. 5714 (74middot7%) of 7654 patients were male and 1940 (25middot3%) were female. Ethnicity data were not reported. 3805 patients were p16-positive, 415 (10middot9%) of whom were HPV-negative. This proportion differed significantly by geographical region and was highest in the areas with lowest HPV-attributable fractions (r=-0middot744, p=0middot0035). The proportion of patients with p16+/HPV- oropharyngeal cancer was highest in subsites outside the tonsil and base of tongue (29middot7% vs 9middot0%, p<0middot0001). 5-year overall survival was 81middot1% (95% CI 79middot5-82middot7) for p16+/HPV+, 40middot4% (38middot6-42middot4) for p16-/HPV-, 53middot2% (46middot6-60middot8) for p16-/HPV+, and 54middot7% (49middot2-60middot9) for p16+/HPV-. 5-year disease-free survival was 84middot3% (95% CI 82middot9-85middot7) for p16+/HPV+, 60middot8% (58middot8-62middot9) for p16-/HPV-; 71middot1% (64middot7-78middot2) for p16-/HPV+, and 67middot9% (62middot5-73middot7) for p16+/HPV-. Results were similar across all European sub-regions, but there were insufficient numbers of discordant patients from North America to draw conclusions in this cohort. Interpretation Patients with discordant oropharyngeal cancer (p16-/HPV+ or p16+/HPV-) had a significantly worse prognosis than patients with p16+/HPV+ oropharyngeal cancer, and a significantly better prognosis than patients with p16-/HPV- oropharyngeal cancer. Along with routine p16 immunohistochemistry, HPV testing should be mandated for clinical trials for all patients (or at least following a positive p16 test), and is recommended where HPV status might influence patient care, especially in areas with low HPV-attributable fractions. Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

Prognostic implications of p16 and HPV discordance in oropharyngeal cancer (HNCIG-EPIC-OPC): a multicentre, multinational, individual patient data analysis

Background: p16INK4a (p16) immunohistochemistry is the most widely used biomarker assay for inferring HPV causation in oropharyngeal cancer in clinical and trial settings. However, discordance exists between p16 and HPV DNA or RNA status in some patients with oropharyngeal cancer. We aimed to clearly quantify the extent of discordance, and its prognostic implications. Methods: In this multicentre, multinational individual patient data analysis, we did a literature search in PubMed and Cochrane database for systematic reviews and original studies published in English between Jan 1, 1970, and Sept 30, 2022. We included retrospective series and prospective cohorts of consecutively recruited patients previously analysed in individual studies with minimum cohort size of 100 patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Patient inclusion criteria were diagnosis with a primary squamous cell carcinoma of oropharyngeal cancer; data on p16 immunohistochemistry and on HPV testing; information on age, sex, tobacco, and alcohol use; staging by TNM 7th edition; information on treatments received; and data on clinical outcomes and follow-up (date of last follow-up if alive, date of recurrence or metastasis, and date and cause of death). There were no limits on age or performance status. The primary outcomes were the proportion of patients of the overall cohort who showed the different p16 and HPV result combinations, as well as 5-year overall survival and 5-year disease-free survival. Patients with recurrent or metastatic disease or who were treated palliatively were excluded from overall survival and disease-free survival analyses. Multivariable analysis models were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for different p16 and HPV testing methods for overall survival, adjusted for prespecified confounding factors. Findings: Our search returned 13 eligible studies that provided individual data for 13 cohorts of patients with oropharyngeal cancer from the UK, Canada, Denmark, Sweden, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Spain. 7895 patients with oropharyngeal cancer were assessed for eligibility. 241 were excluded before analysis, and 7654 were eligible for p16 and HPV analysis. 5714 (74·7%) of 7654 patients were male and 1940 (25·3%) were female. Ethnicity data were not reported. 3805 patients were p16-positive, 415 (10·9%) of whom were HPV-negative. This proportion differed significantly by geographical region and was highest in the areas with lowest HPV-attributable fractions (r=–0·744, p=0·0035). The proportion of patients with p16+/HPV– oropharyngeal cancer was highest in subsites outside the tonsil and base of tongue (29·7% vs 9·0%, p<0·0001). 5-year overall survival was 81·1% (95% CI 79·5–82·7) for p16+/HPV+, 40·4% (38·6–42·4) for p16–/HPV–, 53·2% (46·6–60·8) for p16–/HPV+, and 54·7% (49·2–60·9) for p16+/HPV–. 5-year disease-free survival was 84·3% (95% CI 82·9–85·7) for p16+/HPV+, 60·8% (58·8–62·9) for p16–/HPV–; 71·1% (64·7–78·2) for p16–/HPV+, and 67·9% (62·5–73·7) for p16+/HPV–. Results were similar across all European sub-regions, but there were insufficient numbers of discordant patients from North America to draw conclusions in this cohort. Interpretation: Patients with discordant oropharyngeal cancer (p16–/HPV+ or p16+/HPV–) had a significantly worse prognosis than patients with p16+/HPV+ oropharyngeal cancer, and a significantly better prognosis than patients with p16–/HPV– oropharyngeal cancer. Along with routine p16 immunohistochemistry, HPV testing should be mandated for clinical trials for all patients (or at least following a positive p16 test), and is recommended where HPV status might influence patient care, especially in areas with low HPV-attributable fractions

Motor speech deficits in Parkinson’s disease and in developmental stuttering: a comparative study

I följande studie undersöktes huruvida likheter i talmotoriska avvikelser vid Parkinsons sjukdom och vid stamning (som uppkommit i barndomen) kunde observeras, samt huruvida förståeligheten var påverkad. Bedömningar av 16 personer med Parkinsons sjukdom, 35 personer med stamning och 49 matchade kontroller utfördes med testen Dysartribedömningen och Swedish Test of Intelligibility. Förståeligheten hos personer med Parkinsons sjukdom bedömdes vara nedsatt i jämförelse med kontrollgruppen. Resultaten på Dysartribedömningen visade att både gruppen med Parkinsons sjukdom och gruppen med stamning hade signifikant mer avvikande resultat än kontrollerna på uppgifterna som syftade till att bedöma utsträckning av tungan, snabb upprepning av /ka/, pausering/frasering och betoning. Resultaten skulle kunna tyda på att de talmotoriska svårigheterna vid Parkinsons sjukdom respektive stamning beror på en dysfunktion i delvis samma strukturer i hjärnan. En kartläggning av etiologin till dessa talmotoriska svårigheter är av vikt för åtgärder vid intervention samt förebyggande insatser.The following study examined whether similarities in motor speech deficits in Parkinson’s disease and in developmental stuttering could be observed. Furthermore, intelligibility was examined. Assessments of 16 people with Parkinson’s disease, 35 people with developmental stuttering and 49 matched controls were performed with the tests Dysartribedömningen and the Swedish Test of Intelligibility. The intelligibility of people with Parkinson’s disease was judged lower than the controls’. The results of Dysartribedömningen showed that the group with Parkinson’s disease and the group with developmental stuttering had significantly more deviant results than controls on tasks that assessed tongue extension, repeating /ka/ rapidly, pausing/phrasing and to mark stress. The results might indicate that motor speech disorders in Parkinson’s disease and developmental stuttering respectively are caused by dysfunction in partly the same brain structures. Mapping of the etiology of these motor speech disorders is of importance for treatment and preventive measures

Frivillig Revision: Ur ett legitimitetsperspektiv : En studie om intressenters inställning till revision som legitimering

Idag har mindre företag det fria valet att välja mellan användning av revision eller inte. Revisionsplikten avskaffades 2010 då en lagändring genomfördes med målet att kostnadsunderlätta för mindre företag. Trots reformen har åsikter varierat avseende om företag bör använda sig av revisor eller ej, framförallt baserat på de fördelar som revisionen medför såsom korrekta och pålitliga rapporter och en trygghet för intressenter. Syftet med studien var att ta reda på om revisionen innehar egenskapen av legitimitet utifrån ett intressentperspektiv. Intressenterna i denna studie är banker och Skatteverket. Fortsättningsvis ville studien ta reda på vilka faktorer det är som påverkar ett företags legitimitet mer generellt och inte bara med fokus på revision. Denna studie bygger på tre teorier: legitimitets-, intressents- och revisionsteorin, där varje teori medför faktorer som föranleder ett teoretiskt ramverk. Tillsammans med tidigare forskning presenteras detta i studiens analysmodell vilken driver studien till att svara på syfte och forskningsfrågor. Analysmodellen ger de teoretiska begreppen förväntan, förtroende, obestridlighet, inflytelserik och legitimeringsmärke. Tillvägagångssättet för studien var en metod av insamlande av teorier och tidigare forskning från vetenskapliga artiklar. Vidare utgick metoden från en kvalitativ undersökning med semistrukturerad intervju av fyra respondenter, tre från olika banker och en från Skatteverket. Även annan empirisk data i form av offentliga uttalanden från respektive respondent användes. Studiens resultat indikerar att det finns ett antal faktorer som påverkar ett företags legitimitet, men att revision inte är en av dem. Revisionen visade sig vara värdefull men inte legitimerande. Vad som framförallt påverkar om ett företag upplevs legitimt är förtroendet mellan intressenter och företaget. Resultatet visade också att Skatteverket är en intressent som inte beaktar företags legitimitet, varför om företag använder revision eller ej saknar betydelse för dem som intressent. Studiens slutsats är att det finns flertalet anledningar till om företag upplevs legitima eller inte, men att revision inte är en av dessa. Dessa anledningar är förtroende, erfarenhet och kompetens.Today, smaller companies have the free choice to choose whether to use audit or not. Mandatory audit was abolished in 2010 when an amendment was implemented with the goal to facilitate cost savings for smaller companies. Despite the reform, opinions have varied as to whether or not companies should use an auditor, primarily based on the benefits which auditing brings, such as accurate and reliable reports and safety for stakeholders. The purpose of the study was to find out if auditing holds the property of legitimacy from a stakeholder perspective. The stakeholders in this study are banks and the Swedish Tax agency. Further, the study wanted to find out what factors are affecting a company’s legitimacy in general and not only with auditing as the focus. This study is based on three theories: legitimacy-, stakeholder- and audit theory, where each theory entails factors that induce a theoretical framework. Together with previous research this is presented in this study’s analytical model which drives the study to answer the purpose of the study and research questions. The analytical model provides the theoretical concepts of expectation, trust, indisputability, influence and legitimacy mark. The approach of the study was a method of gathering theory and previous research from scientific articles. Furthermore, this study used a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews of four respondents, three from different banks and one from the Swedish Tax Agency. The study also used other empirical data in terms of public statements from each of the respective respondents’ banks. The result of the study indicates that there are several factors that influences a company’s legitimacy, but auditing is not one of them. The audit proved to be valuable but not legitimate. What primarily influences whether a company is legitimately perceived is the trust between stakeholders and the companies. The result also showed that the Swedish Tax Agency is a stakeholder who does not consider the legitimacy of companies, and if companies use auditing or not does not matter to them as a stakeholder. The conclusion of the study is that there are several reasons why companies are perceived as legitimate or not, but that auditing is not one of them. These reasons are trust, experience and competence

The Fairytale about the Great Land called Creativity : A study about how to improve creativity in the fashion industry

The purpose of this thesis was to study how creativity can be improved within creative organizations, and the study was made both in Great Britain and in Sweden. We wanted to learn if creative employees have the possibility to use their creativity within their organization or if rules within the organization only hamper their creativity. We conducted interviews in both Sweden and in Great Britain and the focus on the study were on designers and product developers within the fashion industry. The research was a qualitative study consisting of a total of 7 semi-structured interviews. Designers and product developers feel that their creative ability sometimes gets hampered by their organization. We came to the conclusion that the manager need to be good at structure, trust, set up clear goals, conflict solving and communication and by that, let the organizations creative employees within it have the freedom to work at other places but at the office in order to get inspired by the environment

Kompismassage i förskolan : ett verktyg för att utveckla barns sociala kompetens?

Validerat; 20101217 (root