16 research outputs found
Conocimientos sobre el SIDA en un tugurio y un campamento de refugiados de Costa Rica
Artículo científico -- Universidad de Costa Rica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud. 1988Se realizó una encuesta a mediados de 1988 en
dos localidades con población marginada: un
campamento de refugiados nicaragüenses y un
tugurio periurbano. En ambas localidades se
seleccionó una muestra representativa al azar y
se recogieron datos empleando un formulario
adaptado de una encuesta nacional realizada
previamente en mujeres en edad reproductiva.
Se observó que dos tercios de las personas
entrevistadas en el campamento había oído del
SIDA, contrastando con casi la totalidad de las
del tugurio, las que sí habían oído del síndrome.
Considerando sólo la submuestra de personas
que habían escuchado del SIDA, no hubo
mucha asociación entre tipo de población y
conocimientos sobre él. El análisis de los datos
demuestra que existe bastante información
errónea en ambos grupos. Persisten ideas
equivocadas con respecto a que el SIDA es una
enfermedad de homosexuales y que puede
curarse. Más de la mitad de las personas en las
dos submuestras creen que el SIDA puede
transmitirse por los besos o por vasos usados
por una persona enferma de SIDA. También, a pesar de que la gran mayoría de los dos
subgrupos sabía que el SIDA se transmite por
vía sexual, menos de la mitad supieron que el
preservativo es una buena medida preventiva.
Es urgente educar mejor a los dos grupos.
Aunque no se conoce el nivel de promiscuidad
ni de seropositividad en ninguna de las dos
localidades, deben emprenderse acciones
educativas orientadas específicamente a
proteger la introducción y propagación del virus
en este tipo de localidad. El propósito de las
campañas educativas deberá ser tanto el
mejorar el nivel de información correcta, como el
de corregir el nivel de información erróneaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA
31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two
Background
The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd.
Methods
We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background.
Results
First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001).
Conclusions
In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival
Personal Papers (MS 80-0002)
Invoice for items sold to {{{person/company}}} by {{{company}}}, including {{{any relevant items/details}}}
Personal Papers (MS 80-0002)
Invoice for items sold to Jim Jamal & Sons Food Market by Jim Jamal & Sons Food Market, including the charges
Personal Papers (MS 80-0002)
Invoice for items sold to Daniel Webster Kempner by Jim Jamal & Sons Food Market, including the charges