Conocimientos sobre el SIDA en un tugurio y un campamento de refugiados de Costa Rica

Artículo científico -- Universidad de Costa Rica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud. 1988Se realizó una encuesta a mediados de 1988 en dos localidades con población marginada: un campamento de refugiados nicaragüenses y un tugurio periurbano. En ambas localidades se seleccionó una muestra representativa al azar y se recogieron datos empleando un formulario adaptado de una encuesta nacional realizada previamente en mujeres en edad reproductiva. Se observó que dos tercios de las personas entrevistadas en el campamento había oído del SIDA, contrastando con casi la totalidad de las del tugurio, las que sí habían oído del síndrome. Considerando sólo la submuestra de personas que habían escuchado del SIDA, no hubo mucha asociación entre tipo de población y conocimientos sobre él. El análisis de los datos demuestra que existe bastante información errónea en ambos grupos. Persisten ideas equivocadas con respecto a que el SIDA es una enfermedad de homosexuales y que puede curarse. Más de la mitad de las personas en las dos submuestras creen que el SIDA puede transmitirse por los besos o por vasos usados por una persona enferma de SIDA. También, a pesar de que la gran mayoría de los dos subgrupos sabía que el SIDA se transmite por vía sexual, menos de la mitad supieron que el preservativo es una buena medida preventiva. Es urgente educar mejor a los dos grupos. Aunque no se conoce el nivel de promiscuidad ni de seropositividad en ninguna de las dos localidades, deben emprenderse acciones educativas orientadas específicamente a proteger la introducción y propagación del virus en este tipo de localidad. El propósito de las campañas educativas deberá ser tanto el mejorar el nivel de información correcta, como el de corregir el nivel de información erróneaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

Personal Papers (MS 80-0002)

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Personal Papers (MS 80-0002)

Invoice for items sold to Jim Jamal & Sons Food Market by Jim Jamal & Sons Food Market, including the charges

Personal Papers (MS 80-0002)

Invoice for items sold to Daniel Webster Kempner by Jim Jamal & Sons Food Market, including the charges