Insights into the Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex infecting soybeans in the United States

Diaporthe/Phomopsis species are pathogens on a wide range of hosts including soybeans (Glycine max L.), and responsible for several diseases, some of which are of economic importance. Under favorable environmental conditions, these diseases can result in in significant yield losses (Backman et al. 1985). For example, yield losses from Stem canker in the Midwest have ranged from minor to in excess of 50% (Hartman et al. 1999). Four Diaporthe species have been reported pathogenic on soybean – Diaporthe sojae, the causal agent of pod and stem blight; Diaporthe caulivora and Diaporthe aspalathi, causal agents of Northern and Southern stem cankers, respectively; and Diaporthe longicolla, causing seed decay (Hartman et al. 1999)

Dry Edible Bean Disease Diagnostic Series

Root Diseases Fusarium root rot...................................PP1820-1 Pythium diseases..................................PP1820-2 Rhizoctonia root rot...............................PP1820-3 Soybean cyst nematode (SCN).............PP1820-4 Soybean cyst nematode sampling.........PP1820-5 Stem and Wilt Diseases Bacterial wilt..........................................PP1820-6 Fusarium yellows (wilt)..........................PP1820-7 Stem rot.................................................PP1820-8 White mold.............................................PP1820-9 Foliar Diseases Anthracnose........................................PP1820-10 Bacterial brown spot............................PP1820-11 Bean common mosaic virus................PP1820-12 Common bean rust..............................PP1820-13 Common bacterial blight .....................PP1820-14 Halo blight............................................PP1820-1

Phomopsis Stem Canker of Sunflower in North America: Correlation with Climate and Solutions Through Breeding and Management

Climate change is occurring in the central US and is interacting with agroecological factors to increase biotic stress in sunflower. Certain species of Diaporthe cause Phomopsis stem canker in sunflower and other dicotyledonous weeds and crops. The increase in precipitation already observed in the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota have increased the chances of outbreaks of necrotrophic pathogens, like Diaporthe. We discuss how climate trends, combined with technological, management, and economic interactions, are correlated with increasing incidence of Phomopsis stem canker in these and adjacent areas in North America. Further, we discuss management options and the role of improved sunflower genetics in reducing Phomopsis stem canker outbreak risk

Phomopsis stem canker of sunflower in North America: correlation with climate and solutions through breeding and management☆ ☆☆

Climate change is occurring in the central US and is interacting with agroecological factors to increase biotic stress in sunflower. Certain species of Diaporthe cause Phomopsis stem canker in sunflower and other dicotyledonous weeds and crops. The increase in precipitation already observed in the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota have increased the chances of outbreaks of necrotrophic pathogens, like Diaporthe. We discuss how climate trends, combined with technological, management, and economic interactions, are correlated with increasing incidence of Phomopsis stem canker in these and adjacent areas in North America. Further, we discuss management options and the role of improved sunflower genetics in reducing Phomopsis stem canker outbreak risk

Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Short-term treatment for people with type 2 diabetes using a low dose of the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist atrasentan reduces albuminuria without causing significant sodium retention. We report the long-term effects of treatment with atrasentan on major renal outcomes. Methods: We did this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at 689 sites in 41 countries. We enrolled adults aged 18–85 years with type 2 diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)25–75 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 of body surface area, and a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)of 300–5000 mg/g who had received maximum labelled or tolerated renin–angiotensin system inhibition for at least 4 weeks. Participants were given atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily during an enrichment period before random group assignment. Those with a UACR decrease of at least 30% with no substantial fluid retention during the enrichment period (responders)were included in the double-blind treatment period. Responders were randomly assigned to receive either atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily or placebo. All patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was a composite of doubling of serum creatinine (sustained for ≥30 days)or end-stage kidney disease (eGFR <15 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 sustained for ≥90 days, chronic dialysis for ≥90 days, kidney transplantation, or death from kidney failure)in the intention-to-treat population of all responders. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of their assigned study treatment. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01858532. Findings: Between May 17, 2013, and July 13, 2017, 11 087 patients were screened; 5117 entered the enrichment period, and 4711 completed the enrichment period. Of these, 2648 patients were responders and were randomly assigned to the atrasentan group (n=1325)or placebo group (n=1323). Median follow-up was 2·2 years (IQR 1·4–2·9). 79 (6·0%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 105 (7·9%)of 1323 in the placebo group had a primary composite renal endpoint event (hazard ratio [HR]0·65 [95% CI 0·49–0·88]; p=0·0047). Fluid retention and anaemia adverse events, which have been previously attributed to endothelin receptor antagonists, were more frequent in the atrasentan group than in the placebo group. Hospital admission for heart failure occurred in 47 (3·5%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 34 (2·6%)of 1323 patients in the placebo group (HR 1·33 [95% CI 0·85–2·07]; p=0·208). 58 (4·4%)patients in the atrasentan group and 52 (3·9%)in the placebo group died (HR 1·09 [95% CI 0·75–1·59]; p=0·65). Interpretation: Atrasentan reduced the risk of renal events in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease who were selected to optimise efficacy and safety. These data support a potential role for selective endothelin receptor antagonists in protecting renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. Funding: AbbVie

Ascochyta Blight of Chickpea

PP-136

Dry Edible Bean Disease Diagnostic Series

Root Diseases Fusarium root rot...................................PP1820-1 Pythium diseases..................................PP1820-2 Rhizoctonia root rot...............................PP1820-3 Soybean cyst nematode (SCN).............PP1820-4 Soybean cyst nematode sampling.........PP1820-5 Stem and Wilt Diseases Bacterial wilt..........................................PP1820-6 Fusarium yellows (wilt)..........................PP1820-7 Stem rot.................................................PP1820-8 White mold.............................................PP1820-9 Foliar Diseases Anthracnose........................................PP1820-10 Bacterial brown spot............................PP1820-11 Bean common mosaic virus................PP1820-12 Common bean rust..............................PP1820-13 Common bacterial blight .....................PP1820-14 Halo blight............................................PP1820-1

Downy Mildew of Sunflower

PP-140

Sclerotinia of Canola

PP-141