The Open Navigation Surface Project

Many hydrographic and oceanographic agencies have moved or are moving towards gridded bathymetric products. However, there is no accepted format to allow these grids to be exchanged while maintaining data and metadata integrity. This paper describes the Open Navigation Surface (ONS) Project, which aims to fill this gap. The ONS Project is an open-source software project designed to provide a freely available, portable source-code library to encapsulate gridded bathymetric surfaces with associated uncertainty values. The data file format is called a Bathymetric Attributed Grid (BAG). The BAG is developed and maintained by the ONS Working Group (ONSWG), and the source code is available via the ONS websit

Identification and prioritisation of odorants within the volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions from tunnel ventilated broiler houses in Australia

The continued expansion in population of established cities leads to rural encroachment, this rural encroachment results in a decline in the chief barrier against malodours, that of distance. Associated to the population growth is an increased demand upon primary industries to produce greater quantities of food stuffs to satisfy the consumers. Intensive livestock practices are one of the most effective ways to produce the quantity and consistent quality of livestock produce that is in increasing demand from the general population. However the operation of most intensive livestock operations results in an environmental impact that is often difficult to monitor and assess; that of their odour output. The production of broilers (meat chickens) is one example of intensive livestock practice that is under increasing pressure to minimise the impact that it has upon the surrounding environment with respect to odour production. Understanding the emissions from intensive livestock practices is the only way to develop guidelines for operators in order to minimise or at least understand the emissions of their facilities at different production cycle times. The Australian Poultry Cooperative Research Centre (P-CRC) is funding a significant project that is investigating the odour and dust emissions from typical mechanically (tunnel) ventilated poultry houses; one of the aspects of this project is the analysis of non-methane volatile organic compounds. The NMVOC analysis will be performed by collecting pumped sorbent tubes and subsequent assay using thermal desorption - gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) and also thermal desorption - gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and olfactometry (TD-GC-MS/O.) The simultaneous detection using mass spectrometry and olfactometry allows for the odorants within the matrix to be identified and subsequently prioritised

Development that works, March 31, 2011

This repository item contains a single issue of the Pardee Conference Series, On March 31, 2011, more than 100 people participated in a conference titled “Development That Works,” sponsored by Boston University’s Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future in collaboration with the BU Global Development program. In the pages that follow, four essays written by Boston University graduate students capture the salient points and overarching themes from the four sessions, each of which featured presentations by outstanding scholars and practitioners working in the field of development. The conference agenda and speakers’ biographies are included following the essays.The theme and the title of the conference—”Development That Works”—stemmed from the conference organizers’ desire to explore, from a groundlevel perspective, what programs, policies, and practices have been shown—or appear to have the potential—to achieve sustained, long-term advances in development in various parts of the world. The intent was not to simply showcase “success stories,” but rather to explore the larger concepts and opportunities that have resulted in development that is meaningful and sustainable over time. The presentations and discussions focused on critical assessments of why and how some programs take hold, and what can be learned from them. From the influence of global economic structures to innovative private sector programs and the need to evaluate development programs at the “granular” level, the expert panelists provided well-informed and often provocative perspectives on what is and isn’t working in development programs today, and what could work better in the future

Imaging Thermal He(+)in Geospace from the Lunar Surface

By mass, thermal plasma dominates near-earth space and strongly influences the transport of energy and mass into the earth's atmosphere. It is proposed to play an important role in modifying the strength of space weather storms by its presence in regions of magnetic reconnection in the dayside magnetopause and in the near to mid-magnetotail. Ionospheric-origin thermal plasma also represents the most significant potential loss of atmospheric mass from our planet over geological time. Knowledge of the loss of convected thermal plasma into the solar wind versus its recirculation across high latitudes and through the magnetospheric flanks into the magnetospheric tail will enable determination of the mass balance for this mass-dominant component of the Geospace system and of its influence on global magnetospheric processes that are critical to space weather prediction and hence to the impact of space processes on human technology in space and on Earth. Our proposed concept addresses this basic issue of Geospace dynamics by imaging thermal He(+) ions in extreme ultraviolet light with an instrument on the lunar surface. The concept is derived from the highly successful Extreme Ultraviolet imager (EUV) flown on the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) spacecraft. From the lunar surface an advanced EUV imager is anticipated to have much higher sensitivity, lower background noise, and higher communication bandwidth back to Earth. From the near-magnetic equatorial location on the lunar surface, such an imager would be ideally located to follow thermal He(+) ions to high latitudes, into the magnetospheric flanks, and into the magnetotail

High-global warming potential F-gas emissions in California: comparison of ambient-based versus inventory-based emission estimates, and implications of refined estimates.

To provide information for greenhouse gas reduction policies, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) inventories annual emissions of high-global-warming potential (GWP) fluorinated gases, the fastest growing sector of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. Baseline 2008 F-gas emissions estimates for selected chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-12), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC-22), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFC-134a) made with an inventory-based methodology were compared to emissions estimates made by ambient-based measurements. Significant discrepancies were found, with the inventory-based emissions methodology resulting in a systematic 42% under-estimation of CFC-12 emissions from older refrigeration equipment and older vehicles, and a systematic 114% overestimation of emissions for HFC-134a, a refrigerant substitute for phased-out CFCs. Initial, inventory-based estimates for all F-gas emissions had assumed that equipment is no longer in service once it reaches its average lifetime of use. Revised emission estimates using improved models for equipment age at end-of-life, inventories, and leak rates specific to California resulted in F-gas emissions estimates in closer agreement to ambient-based measurements. The discrepancies between inventory-based estimates and ambient-based measurements were reduced from -42% to -6% for CFC-12, and from +114% to +9% for HFC-134a

The Open Navigation Surface Project

Many hydrographic and oceanographic agencies have moved or are moving towards gridded bathymetric products. However, there is no accepted format to allow these grids to be exchanged while maintaining data and metadata integrity. This paper describes the Open Navigation Surface (ONS) Project, which aims to fill this gap. The ONS Project is an open-source software project designed to provide a freely available, portable source-code library to encapsulate gridded bathymetric surfaces with associated uncertainty values. The data file format is called a Bathymetric Attributed Grid (BAG). The BAG is developed and maintained by the ONS Working Group (ONSWG), and the source code is available via the ONS website.Muchas agencies hidrogrâficas y oceanogrâficas se han orientado o se estân orientando hacia los productos batimétricos cuadriculados. Sin embargo, no existe un formato aceptado para que estas cuadricuias sean intercambiadas manteniendo la integridad de los datos y los meta datos. Este articulo describe el Proyecto « Superficie de Navegaciôn Abierta » (ONS) cuyo objeto es cubrir este vacio. El proyecto ONS es un proyecto de software de fuente abierta disehado para proveer una biblioteca portâtil de côdigo fuente de libre disponibilidad para encapsular superficies batimétricas cuadriculadas con sus valores de incertidumbre asociados. El formato de archivo de datos es llamado Cuadricula Batimétrica Tributada (BAG). El BAG es desarrollado y mantenido por el Grupo de Trabajo ONS (ONSWG), y el côdigo fuente es disponible a través de sitio web de ONS.De nombreuses agences hydrographiques et océanographiques se sont orientées ou s ’orientent actuellement vers les produits bathymétriques quadrillés. Toutefois, il n'existe pas de format accepté qui permette à ces quadrillages d'être échangés tout en conservant l’intégrité des données et des métadonnées. Le présent article décrit le projet ONS (Open Navigation Surface) qui vise à combler cette lacune. Le projet ONS est un projet de logiciel libre conçu pour fournir une bibliothèque portable de code source à libre disponibilité devant encapsuler des surfaces bathymétriques maillées avec des valeurs d'incertitude associées. Le format du fichier des données est appelé Carroyage bathymétrique attribué (BAG). Le BAG est développé est tenu à jour par le groupe de travail ONS et le code source est disponible sur le site Web ONS

A Francisella Mutant in Lipid A Carbohydrate Modification Elicits Protective Immunity

Francisella tularensis (Ft) is a highly infectious Gram-negative bacterium and the causative agent of the human disease tularemia. Ft is designated a class A select agent by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Human clinical isolates of Ft produce lipid A of similar structure to Ft subspecies novicida (Fn), a pathogen of mice. We identified three enzymes required for Fn lipid A carbohydrate modifications, specifically the presence of mannose (flmF1), galactosamine (flmF2), or both carbohydrates (flmK). Mutants lacking either galactosamine (flmF2) or galactosamine/mannose (flmK) addition to their lipid A were attenuated in mice by both pulmonary and subcutaneous routes of infection. In addition, aerosolization of the mutants (flmF2 and flmK) provided protection against challenge with wild-type (WT) Fn, whereas subcutaneous administration of only the flmK mutant provided protection from challenge with WT Fn. Furthermore, infection of an alveolar macrophage cell line by the flmK mutant induced higher levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and macrophage inhibitory protein-2 (MIP-2) when compared to infection with WT Fn. Bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMMø) from Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR2/4 knockout mice infected with the flmK mutant also produced significantly higher amounts of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and MIP-2 than BMMø infected with WT Fn. However, production of IL-6 and MIP-2 was undetectable in BMMø from MyD88−/− mice infected with either strain. MyD88−/− mice were also susceptible to flmK mutant infection. We hypothesize that the ability of the flmK mutant to activate pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production and innate immune responses mediated by the MyD88 signaling pathway may be responsible for its attenuation, leading to the induction of protective immunity by this mutant

Correction:Chronic hyperglycaemia increases the vulnerability of the hippocampus to oxidative damage induced during post-hypoglycaemic hyperglycaemia in a mouse model of chemically induced type 1 diabetes

Correction: Diabetologia (2023) 66:1340-1352 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-023-05907-6The Original Article was published on 04 April 2023Unfortunately, the funding statement included in this paper did not fully satisfy the reporting requirements of the funder. The original article has been updated to include the sentence: ‘This paper reflects the authors’ views and the JU is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains’

Correction:Chronic hyperglycaemia increases the vulnerability of the hippocampus to oxidative damage induced during post-hypoglycaemic hyperglycaemia in a mouse model of chemically induced type 1 diabetes

Correction: Diabetologia (2023) 66:1340-1352 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-023-05907-6The Original Article was published on 04 April 2023Unfortunately, the funding statement included in this paper did not fully satisfy the reporting requirements of the funder. The original article has been updated to include the sentence: ‘This paper reflects the authors’ views and the JU is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains’