Dasar Dan Perancangan Pendidikan Negara Sejak 52 Tahun Kemerdekaan Malayasia: Satu Sorotan Dan Refleksi

Dasar dan Perancangan Pendidikan di Malaysia boleh dibahagi kepada lima peringkat;(1) Zaman Sebelum Mencapai Kemerdekaan (i) Dasar Pecah dan Perintah (1786 -1957) dengan Period Awal (1786 - 1941) dan Period Kedua (1941 -1957), (2). Zaman Selepas Mencapai Kemerdekaan, (ii) Dasar Memperkasakan Pendidikan Kebangsaan (1957 - 1970), (3) Dasar Memperkasakan Perpaduan Kaum melalui memperkukuhkan Dasar Pendidikan Kebangsaan (1970 - 1990), (4) Dasar Memperkasakan Pendidikan bertaraf Dunia (1991 - 2000), dan (5) Dasar Melonjakkan Kecemerlangan Pendidikan Bertaraf Dunia (2001 - 2020)

Inovasi dalam Online Marketing dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Kualitas Pelayanan, Kepercayaan, Loyalitas, dan Word Of Mouth pada Konsumen

The background of this paper discusses the role of consumer perceptions of innovation a website as a factor influencing their evaluation of service quality, development of trust, loyalty and word of mouth behavior on the site. This study aims to answer the question the extent not experienced site service innovation evaluation of the influence of website quality, trust, loyalty and word of mouth. Therefore, to answer this question this study developed and tested a theoretical model that seeks to explain the perceived effects of site-service innovation on perceived e-service quality, trust, loyalty sites and word-of-mouth behavior in e-retail market space. The study design is based on valid responses werecollected from a questionnaire survey of 120 people located in Jakarta. The variables examined in this study using the Partial Least Squares (PLS), specifically PLS-IMAGE v.3.00 to assess the relevance of the predictions of the conceptual model, and test the hypothesis relationship as depicted in picture. Results showed that when an e-retail sites considered positive for providing an innovative experience more positive evaluations affect the overall perception of the quality of online services, high level of trust and loyalty websites and the positive side of the conversation behavior mouth. This study provides important implications for the delivery of online services and online branding, especially foronline retailers. Additional research is needed to see the impact of an innovation in online marketing by adding other variables that are considered important are associated with innovation

Effect of White Kabesak (Acacia Leucophloea Roxb) Leaves Level in the Diet on Feed Intake and Body Weight Gain of Kacang Goat

This study was conducted to analysis the effect of levels of white kabesak (Acacia leucophloea Roxb.) Willd. leaves in the diet on feed intake, digestibility and body weight gain of Kacang goats. The completely randomized block design using 5 treatments and 5 replications was used in this experiment. The treatments were 5 concentrate feeds containing different levels of white kabesak leaves i.e. 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% in the dry matter (DM) basis (representing T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatments, respectively). The feeds were set up to contain 11.5-12.5% of crude protein (CP). Concentrate feed and native grass was fed at ratio of 60 : 40 was fed to 5 local male goats (age 1-1.5 years old and initial weight of 16.7±5.0 kg). The results showed that DM, organic matter (OM), and CP intake of T0 was not significantly different from those of T1 goats, but it was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of T2, T3 and T4. The DM, OM, CP, and crude fiber (CF) digestibility as well as body weight gain in T2 goats were significantly higher (P<0.05) and had feed conversion ratio that was significantly better (P<0.05) compared to those of the other feed treatments. In conclusion, the most optimum level of white kabesak (Acacia leucophloea Roxb.) Willd. leaves used in concentrate feed for goat was 20 %

Meningococcal disease in North America: Updates from the Global Meningococcal Initiative

This review summarizes the recent Global Meningococcal Initiative (GMI) regional meeting, which explored meningococcal disease in North America. Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) cases are documented through both passive and active surveillance networks. IMD appears to be decreasing in many areas, such as the Dominican Republic (2016: 18 cases; 2021: 2 cases) and Panama (2008: 1 case/100,000; 2021: <0.1 cases/100,000); however, there is notable regional and temporal variation. Outbreaks persist in at-risk subpopulations, such as people experiencing homelessness in the US and migrants in Mexico. The recent emergence of β-lactamase-positive and ciprofloxacin-resistant meningococci in the US is a major concern. While vaccination practices vary across North America, vaccine uptake remains relatively high. Monovalent and multivalent conjugate vaccines (which many countries in North America primarily use) can provide herd protection. However, there is no evidence that group B vaccines reduce meningococcal carriage. The coronavirus pandemic illustrates that following public health crises, enhanced surveillance of disease epidemiology and catch-up vaccine schedules is key. Whole genome sequencing is a key epidemiological tool for identifying IMD strain emergence and the evaluation of vaccine strain coverage. The Global Roadmap on Defeating Meningitis by 2030 remains a focus of the GMI.Medical writing support for the development of this manuscript, under the direction of the authors, was provided Matthew Gunther of Ashfield MedComms, an Inizio company. Medical writing support was funded by Sanofi Pasteur. All authors discussed and agreed to the objectives of this manuscript and con- tributed throughout its production. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.S

Transcriptomic Analysis of Host Immune and Cell Death Responses Associated with the Influenza A Virus PB1-F2 Protein

Airway inflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of influenza viruses and can lead to a fatal outcome. One of the challenging objectives in the field of influenza research is the identification of the molecular bases associated to the immunopathological disorders developed during infection. While its precise function in the virus cycle is still unclear, the viral protein PB1-F2 is proposed to exert a deleterious activity within the infected host. Using an engineered recombinant virus unable to express PB1-F2 and its wild-type homolog, we analyzed and compared the pathogenicity and host response developed by the two viruses in a mouse model. We confirmed that the deletion of PB1-F2 renders the virus less virulent. The global transcriptomic analyses of the infected lungs revealed a potent impact of PB1-F2 on the response developed by the host. Thus, after two days post-infection, PB1-F2 invalidation severely decreased the number of genes activated by the host. PB1-F2 expression induced an increase in the number and level of expression of activated genes linked to cell death, inflammatory response and neutrophil chemotaxis. When generating interactive gene networks specific to PB1-F2, we identified IFN-γ as a central regulator of PB1-F2-regulated genes. The enhanced cell death of airway-recruited leukocytes was evidenced using an apoptosis assay, confirming the pro-apoptotic properties of PB1-F2. Using a NF-kB luciferase adenoviral vector, we were able to quantify in vivo the implication of NF-kB in the inflammation mediated by the influenza virus infection; we found that PB1-F2 expression intensifies the NF-kB activity. Finally, we quantified the neutrophil recruitment within the airways, and showed that this type of leukocyte is more abundant during the infection of the wild-type virus. Collectively, these data demonstrate that PB1-F2 strongly influences the early host response during IAV infection and provides new insights into the mechanisms by which PB1-F2 mediates virulence

Nationwide Molecular Surveillance of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Virus Genomes: Canada, 2009

BACKGROUND: In April 2009, a novel triple-reassortant swine influenza A H1N1 virus ("A/H1N1pdm"; also known as SOIV) was detected and spread globally as the first influenza pandemic of the 21(st) century. Sequencing has since been conducted at an unprecedented rate globally in order to monitor the diversification of this emergent virus and to track mutations that may affect virus behavior. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: By Sanger sequencing, we determined consensus whole-genome sequences for A/H1N1pdm viruses sampled nationwide in Canada over 33 weeks during the 2009 first and second pandemic waves. A total of 235 virus genomes sampled from unique subjects were analyzed, providing insight into the temporal and spatial trajectory of A/H1N1pdm lineages within Canada. Three clades (2, 3, and 7) were identifiable within the first two weeks of A/H1N1pdm appearance, with clades 5 and 6 appearing thereafter; further diversification was not apparent. Only two viral sites displayed evidence of adaptive evolution, located in hemagglutinin (HA) corresponding to D222 in the HA receptor-binding site, and to E374 at HA2-subunit position 47. Among the Canadian sampled viruses, we observed notable genetic diversity (1.47 x 10⁻³ amino acid substitutions per site) in the gene encoding PB1, particularly within the viral genomic RNA (vRNA)-binding domain (residues 493-757). This genome data set supports the conclusion that A/H1N1pdm is evolving but not excessively relative to other H1N1 influenza A viruses. Entropy analysis was used to investigate whether any mutated A/H1N1pdm protein residues were associated with infection severity; however no virus genotypes were observed to trend with infection severity. One virus that harboured heterozygote coding mutations, including PB2 D567D/G, was attributed to a severe and potentially mixed infection; yet the functional significance of this PB2 mutation remains unknown. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These findings contribute to enhanced understanding of Influenza A/H1N1pdm viral dynamics

Inhibition of MLC Phosphorylation Restricts Replication of Influenza Virus—A Mechanism of Action for Anti-Influenza Agents

Influenza A viruses are a severe threat worldwide, causing large epidemics that kill thousands every year. Prevention of influenza infection is complicated by continuous viral antigenic changes. Newer anti-influenza agents include MEK/ERK and protein kinase C inhibitors; however, the downstream effectors of these pathways have not been determined. In this study, we identified a common mechanism for the inhibitory effects of a significant group of anti-influenza agents. Our studies showed that influenza infection activates a series of signaling pathways that converge to induce myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation and remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Inhibiting MLC phosphorylation by blocking RhoA/Rho kinase, phospholipase C/protein kinase C, and HRas/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways with the use of genetic or chemical manipulation leads to the inhibition of influenza proliferation. In contrast, the induction of MLC phosphorylation enhances influenza proliferation, as does activation of the HRas/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. This effect is attenuated by inhibiting MLC phosphorylation. Additionally, in intracellular trafficking studies, we found that the nuclear export of influenza ribonucleoprotein depends on MLC phosphorylation. Our studies provide evidence that modulation of MLC phosphorylation is an underlying mechanism for the inhibitory effects of many anti-influenza compounds

The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Promotes Uptake of Influenza A Viruses (IAV) into Host Cells

Influenza A viruses (IAV) bind to sialic-acids at cellular surfaces and enter cells by using endocytotic routes. There is evidence that this process does not occur constitutively but requires induction of specific cellular signals, including activation of PI3K that promotes virus internalization. This implies engagement of cellular signaling receptors during viral entry. Here, we present first indications for an interplay of IAV with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). As representative RTK family-members the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the c-Met receptor were studied. Modulation of expression or activity of both RTKs resulted in altered uptake of IAV, showing that these receptors transmit entry relevant signals upon virus binding. More detailed studies on EGFR function revealed that virus binding lead to clustering of lipid-rafts, suggesting that multivalent binding of IAV to cells induces a signaling platform leading to activation of EGFR and other RTKs that in turn facilitates IAV uptake

Role of Position 627 of PB2 and the Multibasic Cleavage Site of the Hemagglutinin in the Virulence of H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus in Chickens and Ducks

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses have caused major disease outbreaks in domestic and free-living birds with transmission to humans resulting in 59% mortality amongst 564 cases. The mutation of the amino acid at position 627 of the viral polymerase basic-2 protein (PB2) from glutamic acid (E) in avian isolates to lysine (K) in human isolates is frequently found, but it is not known if this change affects the fitness and pathogenicity of the virus in birds. We show here that horizontal transmission of A/Vietnam/1203/2004 H5N1 (VN/1203) virus in chickens and ducks was not affected by the change of K to E at PB2-627. All chickens died between 21 to 48 hours post infection (pi), while 70% of the ducks survived infection. Virus replication was detected in chickens within 12 hours pi and reached peak titers in spleen, lung and brain between 18 to 24 hours for both viruses. Viral antigen in chickens was predominantly in the endothelium, while in ducks it was present in multiple cell types, including neurons, myocardium, skeletal muscle and connective tissues. Virus replicated to a high titer in chicken thrombocytes and caused upregulation of TLR3 and several cell adhesion molecules, which may explain the rapid virus dissemination and location of viral antigen in endothelium. Virus replication in ducks reached peak values between 2 and 4 days pi in spleen, lung and brain tissues and in contrast to infection in chickens, thrombocytes were not involved. In addition, infection of chickens with low pathogenic VN/1203 caused neuropathology, with E at position PB2-627 causing significantly higher infection rates than K, indicating that it enhances virulence in chickens

ANALISA KANDUNGAN GIZI DAN SENYAWA BIOAKTIF KEONG BAKAU (Telescopium (elescopium) DI PERAIRAN SEPULU DAN SOCAH KABUPATEN BANGKALAN

Keong Bakau (Telescoplum telescopium), merupakan salah satu jenis gastropoda yang ditemukan dalam jumlah melimpah pada daerah bakau dan tambak. Biota ini memiliki nilai ekonomis dan banyak dikonsumsi difadikan lauk pauk serta memiliki khasiat sebagai obat asma. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kandungan proksimat Telescopium telescopium di perairan Sepulu dan Socah, serta senyawa bioaktif Telescopium telescoplum. Hasil analisa proksimat pada perairan Sepulu memiliki protein sebesar 12,43 %; lemak 4,12 %; kadar air 77,08 %; kadar abu 2,77 % dan karbohidrat 3,60 %. Hasil analisa proksimat di perairan Socah didapatkan protein sebesar 12,26 %; lemak 4,60 %; kadar air 77,66 % dan kadar abu 2,50 %; serta karbohidrat 2,98 %. Ekstrak kasar dengan pelarut metanol pada perairan Sepulu dan Socah yang dikomposit, didapatkan rendemen sebesar 0,27 %. Hasil uji senyawa bloaktif ekstrak kasar daging Telescopium telescopium adalah alkaloid, steroid, flavonold, gula pereduksi, dan ninhidrin. Sedangkan untuk senyawa fenol hidrokuinon, karbohidrat, peptide, saponin, dan tannin tidak terdeteksi.Kata kunci : telescopium telescopium, analisa proksimat, senyawa bioakti