Teaching profession in private higher education: the difficult balance of who alway walks a tightrope

This article aims to discuss the work and the health of professors who work at private institutions of higher education. It is assumed that the precarious work is one of the main factors which degrade not only education but also the health of those workers. Considering the complexity of the theme, this study was based on dialectical and historical materialism, in addition to studies about occupational mental health. Data have been collected through semi-structured interviews. Results showed that professors are subjected to precarious and intensified working conditions. To remain idealizing the profession is to facilitate an alienation that holds professors to see the work as a mission, what beyond to subject them to exhausting physical conditions, lead to a psychological pressure that may become a disorder. Thus, it is concluded that the commercialization of education distort the role of the educator and cause exhaustion, malaise and illness.Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir o trabalho e a saúde de professores do ensino superior privado. Parte-se da premissa de que a precarização do trabalho é um dos principais fatores que degradam a educação e a saúde desses profissionais. Considerando a complexidade do tema, este artigo se fundamentou no materialismo histórico dialético e em estudos sobre saúde mental relacionada ao trabalho. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semidirigidas. Os resultados mostram que os docentes estão submetidos a condições precárias e intensificadas de trabalho. A preservação da idealização da atividade profissional é um facilitador da alienação que prende os docentes a uma representação do trabalho como missão, que, além de submetê-los a condições fisicamente desgastantes, também os sujeitam a pressão psicológica potencialmente adoecedora. Conclui-se que a mercantilização da educação e do ensino descaracterizam a função do educador e propiciam o desgaste, o mal-estar e o adoecimento.&nbsp

A relação entre o trabalho, a saúde e as condições de vida: negatividade e positividade no trabalho das profissionais de enfermagem de um hospital escola

This article results from a research carried out among nursing professionals at the Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (MG), located in Uberlândia (MG), Brazil, and aimed to examine the relations between these professionals' work, health and living conditions. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and observations in the work environment. The results indicate the common occurrence of physical and mental health problems, mainly resulting from stress and exhaustion provoked by work conditions, which cause interferences in their living conditions. Paradoxically, the results show that these workers do not realize their health treatments systematically. The analysis of their work, in combination with the gender issue and the specific nature of nursing work, contributed to a better understanding of this professional group's work, living and health conditions.Este artículo resulta de una investigación llevada a cabo con profesionales de enfermería del Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (MG), situado en Uberlândia (MG), Brasil y tuvo como objetivo investigar las relaciones existentes entre el trabajo, la salud y las condiciones de vida de esas profesionales. La recopilación de datos fue realizada a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y de observaciones del ambiente de trabajo. Los resultados indican que es común la ocurrencia de problemas de salud orgánicos y psíquicos provenientes principalmente del estrés y del desgaste provocado por las condiciones de trabajo, con reflejos en las condiciones de vida. Paradojalmente, los resultados señalan el hecho que estas trabajadoras no realizan sus tratamientos de salud de forma sistematizada. El análisis del trabajo, articulada a la cuestión de género y la especificidad del trabajo de la enfermería, contribuyó para una mejor comprensión de las condiciones de trabajo, vida y salud de este grupo de trabajadoras.Este artigo é resultado de pesquisa realizada com profissionais de enfermagem do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, MG, e teve por objetivo investigar as relações entre o trabalho, a saúde e as condições de vida daquelas profissionais. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e de observações do ambiente de trabalho. Os resultados apontam ser comum a ocorrência de problemas de saúde orgânicos e psíquicos decorrentes principalmente do estresse e do desgaste provocado pelas condições laborais, com reflexos nas condições de vida. Paradoxalmente, os dados revelam que aquelas trabalhadoras não realizam seus tratamentos de saúde de forma sistematizada. A análise do trabalho, articulada à questão de gênero e à especificidade da atividade de enfermagem, contribuiu para melhor compreensão das condições de trabalho, vida e de saúde desse grupo profissional

The precarization of the work and health of professionals in a Psychosocial Care Center

Esse estudo traz dados de uma pesquisa de doutorado que objetivou conhecer a relação entre a precarização do trabalho e a saúde dos profissionais de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (Caps). Trata-se de uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo no campo da Saúde do Trabalhador. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas e observações sistemáticas com os trabalhadores. A partir dos depoimentos e das observações, foram percebidos problemas de ordem de gestão e de recursos materiais e humanos necessários para o bom funcionamento do serviço que geraram preocupação e sofrimento aos profissionais. Um outro componente que também colaborou para a precarização do trabalho desses profissionais foi o trabalho terceirizado. Além disso, os profissionais expressaram suas experiências e seu cotidiano de trabalho por meio de sofrimento, angústia e dificuldades para realização do trabalho. O sofrimento do trabalhador da saúde mental também tem suas particularidades, inerentes ao próprio tipo de trabalho, visto que tais profissionais estão expostos ao sofrimento e à dor de outras pessoas.This study brings data from a doctoral research which aimed to understand the relationship between the precarization of the work and the health of professionals from Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS). The study is qualitative research in the field of Occupational Health. Semi-structured individual interviews were carried out as well as systematic observation of the workers. Based on the interviewees’ testimonies and analyzes, some management problems as well as lack of material and human resources necessary for the correct functioning of the service were noticed, which caused concern and suffering on the workers. Another component that also contributed to the precarious work of these professionals was outsourced work. Besides, workers expressed their experiences and their daily work through suffering, anguish, and difficulties in performing their work correctly. The suffering of mental health professionals also has its particularities, inherent to the type of work itself, since they are constantly exposed to other people’s suffering and pain

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions

Trajetórias da Educomunicação nas Políticas Públicas e a Formação de seus Profissionais

Esta obra é composta com os trabalhos apresentados no primeiro subtema, TRAJETÓRIA – Educação para a Comunicação como Política pública, nas perspectivas da Educomunicação e da Mídia-Educação, do II Congresso Internacional de Comunicação e Educação. Os artigos pretendem propiciar trocas de informações e produzir reflexões com os leitores sobre os caminhos percorridos, e ainda a percorrer, tendo como meta a expansão e a legitimação das práticas educomunicativas e/ou mídia-educativas como política pública para o atendimento à formação de crianças, adolescentes, jovens e adultos, no Brasil e no mundo

Equilibrists in the tightrope: the work and health of teachers of private higher education in Uberlândia / MG

Esta tese teve por objeto de estudo o trabalho de docentes de Instituições de Ensino Superior Privado. O objetivo foi investigar a relação entre as condições de trabalho e os problemas de saúde relatados, em especial os relacionados à saúde mental. Foram objetivos específicos: identificar os modos de enfrentamento, objetivos e subjetivos, utilizados por aqueles trabalhadores para lidar com o cotidiano no trabalho e descrever como a precarização da educação interfere no trabalho docente universitário. A pesquisa fundamentada no referencial teórico metodológico do materialismo histórico dialético fez uso de entrevistas gravadas como principal técnica de coleta de dados. Foram realizadas cinco entrevistas com docentes que atuam em Instituições de Ensino Superior Privado há pelo menos cinco anos. Os resultados mostraram que os docentes estão submetidos a condições precárias e intensificadas de trabalho. O tipo de contrato de trabalho e a instabilidade profissional submetem os profissionais a situações desestabilizadoras do psiquismo, tornando-os submissos a atividades desgastantes e vulneráveis à alienação em relação a estas mesmas condições. A preservação da idealização da atividade de educador é um facilitador da alienação que prende o profissional a esta representação do trabalho como missão e não atividade profissional. Esta contradição, além de submeter a condições fisicamente desgastantes, também submete a pressão psicológica potencialmente causadora de adoecimento. Dentre os mecanismos de enfrentamento utilizados por eles, destaca-se a negação do sofrimento e a banalização do adoecimento. Os professores estão submetidos a situações potencialmente estressoras na atividade laboral, que se refletem em afecções psicossomáticas generalizadas. Conclui-se que a forma como o trabalho se encontra organizado, a pressão exercida por meio da cobrança de metas, a sobrecarga de trabalho, os diferentes vínculos empregatícios que se sobrepõe e a tendência a mercantilização da educação do ensino descaracterizam a função do educador e proporciona desgaste, mal estar e adoecimento a estes profissionais.The present thesis examines the work performed by the teachers of the Private Institutions of Higher Education. The objective was to investigate the relationship between workplace conditions and reported health problems, in particular those related to mental health. Specifically: to identify both subjective and objective coping mechanisms for handling the day-to-day difficulties encountered by those workers, and also to describe how the increasing precariousness in the educational system interferes with the job of a university lecturer. The research has as its foundational principles the theoretical methodology of historical dialectical materialism, and the data is collected in the form of recorded interviews. Five interviews were conducted with instructors who have taught at Private Institutions of Higher Education for at least five years. The results demonstrate that the instructors are subjected to precarious and intense work conditions. The type of employment contract and professional instability subject those professionals to destabilizing psychic situations, resulting in a tacit submission to fatiguing activities and rendering them vulnerable to alienation as a result of these conditions. The continued idealization of the activity of an educator also facilitates this alienation, as it enforces a view of the work as a calling and not as a profession. This contradiction, in addition to subjecting workers to physically exhausting conditions, also applies psychological pressure which can cause mental illness. Among the coping mechanisms used by these instructors, particularly salient are the denial of suffering and the banalization of illness. They are subjected to potentially stressful situations of during work, which are reflected in generalized psychosomatic conditions. It is concluded that that manner in which work is organized, the pressure exerted through meeting targets, overwork, the existence of different locations of work, all in an environment of the commercialization of education, serve to demean the function of an educator and creates exhaustion, malaise and illness in these professionals

Comparação do índice de infecção pós-operatória em fraturas mandibulares lineares com o uso de profilaxia antibiótica

Resumo Introdução Infecções pós-operatórias representam a maior complicação no tratamento de fraturas mandibulares. A utilização de profilaxia antibiótica diminui os índices de infecção, entretanto sua manutenção após o procedimento cirúrgico é controversa na literatura. Objetivo Comparar o índice de infecção pós-operatória no tratamento de fraturas mandibulares lineares com ou sem profilaxia antibiótica pós-operatória. Metodologia Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva transversal para verificar a presença de infecção pós-operatória. Trinta prontuários de pacientes portadores de fraturas mandibulares lineares, tratados por meio de acesso intrabucal e fixação interna estável, foram selecionados e divididos em dois grupos com 15 prontuários cada: pacientes que realizaram apenas profilaxia antibiótica pré-operatória e pacientes que realizaram profilaxia antibiótica pré e pós-operatória por seis dias. Resultado Foram observadas cinco infecções, sendo três no grupo que realizou apenas profilaxia pré-operatória e duas no grupo que fez uso de antibiótico após o procedimento. Conclusão Em fraturas mandibulares lineares, a utilização de antibiótico pós-operatório não reduziu o índice de infecções significantemente