What do we know about adult mortality and data quality in Peru? Mortality coverage levels and trends from recent decades

Accurate knowledge of adult mortality levels and trends in the developing world is hampered by its widespread lack of complete vital registration systems. Although knowledge of infant and child mortality was once affect by the same problem, survey-based techniques have been more successful in estimating child and infant than adult mortality. The main objective of this paper is to estimate mortality rates for the population aged 5 and above, in Peru by sex. The study evaluates the degree of coverage, and corrects the level of mortality, when necessary, using different methodologies. The literature does not indicate the best method to investigate mortality data problems. Thus, the implementation of alternative methods will improve the understanding of the mortality levels and trends in Peru in recent decades.Peru, adult mortality, demographic methods

Resistência bacteriana e mortalidade em um centro de terapia intensiva

The goal was to identify risk factors for healthcare-associated infections by resistant microorganisms and patient mortality in an Intensive Care Unit. A prospective and descriptive epidemiological research was conducted from 2005 till 2008, involving 2300 patients. Descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used. In bivariate analysis, infection caused by resistant microorganism was significantly associated to patients with community-acquired infection (p=0.03; OR=1.79) and colonization by resistant microorganism (pSe objetivó identificar factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de infecciones relacionadas al cuidar en salud, por microorganismos resistentes, y también investigar su relación con la mortalidad de los pacientes en un centro de terapia intensiva. Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico prospectivo realizado entre 2005 y 2008, envolviendo 2.300 pacientes. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva y el análisis de regresión logístico bivariado y multivariado. En el análisis bivariado, la infección por microorganismos resistentes estuvo significativamente asociada a pacientes con infección comunitaria (p=0,03; OR=1,79) y a la colonización por microorganismo resistente (pObjetivou-se identificar fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de infecções, relacionadas ao cuidar em saúde, por microrganismos resistentes e a mortalidade dos pacientes em um centro de terapia intensiva. Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico prospectivo, realizado entre 2005 e 2008, envolvendo 2.300 pacientes. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva, análise de regressão logística bivariada e multivariada. Na análise bivariada, a infecção por microrganismo resistente esteve significativamente associada a pacientes com infecção comunitária (p=0,03; OR=1,79) e colonização por microrganismo resistente (

Satisfacción laboral y productividad laboral: una revisión de literatura

La satisfacción laboral, la productividad laboral y la relación entre ambas son variables que, desde la década de 1930, han despertado gran interés y acerca de las cuales se han desarrollado investigaciones que ayudan a entender la participación de estas en el desarrollo de las organizaciones (Chiang & Ojeda, 2013). El presente trabajo se realizó con el propósito de examinar y analizar el estado de la cuestión sobre satisfacción laboral, productividad laboral y la relación entre ambas variables a nivel conceptual y teórico, así como de cuestionar y proponer nuevas áreas de investigación. Asimismo permitió documentar y cuestionar todo lo que se ha investigado sobre estos conceptos. Se aplicó la metodología de Revisión de Literatura-MAGG (Adaptado de Hart, 2003 & Machi & McEvoy, 2009), que permitió ahorro de tiempo y esfuerzo, además de desarrollar la presente tarea de forma eficiente. Los resultados de la revisión de literatura con respecto a la definición de satisfacción laboral se muestran desde una perspectiva emotiva, así como de actitud hacia el trabajo. Asimismo, con respecto a la productividad laboral, esta se definió como un elemento clave para el logro de los objetivos de las organizaciones. Finalmente, en relación con la posible existencia de una relación entre ambos constructos, se ha constatado que sí existe relación entre ambas variables, y, de acuerdo con las últimas investigaciones, la relación entre estas estaría mediada por variables adicionales. Por otra parte, respecto de las investigaciones realizadas acerca de satisfacción laboral, productividad laboral y la relación entre ambas, la originalidad del documento radica en realizar una contribución de manera conceptual y teórica, al organizar de manera histórica todo lo investigado hasta la fecha y proponer una nueva área para futuras investigaciones.Labor satisfaction, labor productivity and the relationship between both areas are variables that have produced great interest since the 1930s, which investigations were developed to help understand the participation of these factors in the development of organizations (Chiang & Ojeda, 2013). The objective of the present investigation is to examine and analyze the world of the job satisfaction, labor productivity and the relationship between both variables in a conceptual and theoretical level, as well as to question and propose new research areas. Likewise, this research permits to document and question everything that had been investigated about these concepts. The methodology developed by Hart, 2003 & Machi & McEvoy, 2009 was applied for the revision of this research, which allowed saving time and effort, and, developed this task efficiently. The results of the review, about job satisfaction definition, are seen from an emotional outlook and attitude towards work. Likewise, regarding labor productivity, this was defined as a key element to achieve the objectives of the organizations. Finally, regarding the possible existence of a relationship between these two constructs, it was found that there exists a relationship between both variables, and, according to the latest research, the relationship between these variables would be mediated by additional variables. Moreover, with respect to the researches about job satisfaction, labor productivity and the relationship between them, the originality of the present paper lies in making a conceptual and theoretical contribution by organizing everything to date and proposing a new area for future investigations.Tesi

As condições de vida durante a infância e seu impacto na estatura adulta das mulheres na América Latina

Exportado OPUSMade available in DSpace on 2019-08-12T06:01:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_mario_ernesto_piscoya_diaz_15_09_2011.pdf: 1385754 bytes, checksum: 3ead7297d6517ccca788ea859a41aeca (MD5) Previous issue date: 15O estudo das condições de vida de uma população, principalmente, durante a infância e adolescência, se faz relevante pelas implicações que tais condições exercem sobre as condições de vida nas idades adultas e avançadas. Dentre os diferentes indicadores utilizados para avaliar o bem-estar de uma população, a estatura adulta é a medida que melhor reflete as condições socioeconômicas e as epidemiológicas a que os indivíduos estiveram expostos ao longo da infância e adolescência (Komlos & Baur, 2004) uma vez que a estatura adulta reflete o efeito acumulado das condições de vida a que os indivíduos estiveram sujeitos ao longo de sua vida. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a relação das condições de vida durante a infância e adolescência aproximadas a partir de indicadores das condições de nutrição, saúde, socioeconômicas e de urbanização se associam com a estatura final das coortes de mulheres, nascidas entre 1960 1985, em onze países na América Latina. Para isso, foram relacionadas as informações agregadas, no nível de país, de nutrição, saúde, socioeconômicas e de urbanização observadas quando cada coorte completou as idades de zero, cinco (5), dez (10) e quinze (15) anos com a estatura final de cada coorte através de um modelo de regressão, replicando a metodologia proposta para Akachi & Canning (2008). Diante as limitações encontradas no ajuste desses modelos (colinearidade), trabalhou-se com um método da estatística multivariada, qual seja, análise de componentes principais. Este método foi utilizado com o objetivo de criar um indicador que, em conjunto, possa resumir as condições de nutrição, saúde, socioeconômicas e de urbanização, para posteriormente, avaliar-se a associação deste indicador com a estatura adulta. Os resultados obtidos mostram uma melhora nas condições de vida nos países da América Latina, traduzidas em uma maior estatura com o passar dos anos, na maioria dos casos. Esta mudança na antropometria humana se deu, principalmente, em conseqüência de melhoras nas condições de nutrição e de urbanização, observadas nesses países. Contudo, esse aumento na estatura média não tem sido acompanhado por uma redução da desigualdade nutricional existente dentro de cada um dos países analisados. Assim, as mulheres mais pobres, residentes em áreas rurais, com menor escolaridade apresentam uma menor estatura em relação às mulheres mais ricas e que residem nas áreas urbanas.Living conditions during the early childhood and younger ages has become a very important issue due to the effects they have on health and socioeconomic events that take place during the adulthood and the elderly. Several indicators have been used to measure the well-being of populations, but there is a consensus that adult height is the indicator that describes the most important aspects of epidemiological and socioeconomic conditions experienced through childhood, because its final value it is affected by those conditions.The main objective of this work is to assess the association between female adult height and the living conditions experienced during childhood and younger ages in eleven countries in Latin America. The analysis focus on average female adult height from cohorts born between 1960 and 1985 in those countries. In this work, living conditions were approximated by nutrition, health, socioeconomic and urbanization conditions observed when each cohort was zero (0), five (5), ten (10) and fifteen (15) years old. From aggregate data in a country level, a regression model suggested by Akachi & Canning (2008) was used to establish the relationship between adult height and the indicators observed when the cohorts were zero, five (5), ten (10) and fifteen (15) years old. As that model presents a methodological limitation (colinearity) we consider the principal component analysis method to avoid that limitation. Results showed an improvement of living conditions during the childhood in all the countries. However, the increase in female adult height was not observed in all of them. Results also show the persistence of nutritional inequality in each country in the region, inequalities that can be translated in socioeconomic differences in adult height

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT ADULT MORTALITY AND DATA QUALITY IN PERU? MORTALITY COVERAGE LEVELS AND TRENDS FROM RECENT DECADES

What do we know about adult mortality and data quality in Peru? Mortality coverage levels and trend

What do we know about adult mortality and data quality in Peru? Mortality coverage levels and trends from recent decades

Accurate knowledge of adult mortality levels and trends in the developing world is hampered by its widespread lack of complete vital registration systems. Although knowledge of infant and child mortality was once affect by the same problem, survey-based techniques have been more successful in estimating child and infant than adult mortality. The main objective of this paper is to estimate mortality rates for the population aged 5 and above, in Peru by sex. The study evaluates the degree of coverage, and corrects the level of mortality, when necessary, using different methodologies. The literature does not indicate the best method to investigate mortality data problems. Thus, the implementation of alternative methods will improve the understanding of the mortality levels and trends in Peru in recent decades

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anxiety and Depression in Peruvian Medical Students

During medical training, students are exposed to stressors that deteriorate mental health. This study determined depression and anxiety prevalence and their associated factors in students from four medical schools in northern Peru. A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students from Lambayeque, Peru. The Goldberg Anxiety and Zung Depression tests were applied. The dependent variables were depression and anxiety, and their association with covariates (age, sex, type of university, socioeconomic level, experience, family problem, and physical activity) was evaluated. Prevalence ratios were calculated using generalized linear models. Of 482 students, the prevalence of anxiety was 61.8% and depression was 22.0%. A severe level of anxiety was observed in 6.2% in the group between 16 and 20 years old. It was observed that private university students had higher frequencies of having depression (PR = 2.01) and anxiety (PR = 1.35); males had a lower risk of anxiety (PR = 0.82), but higher risk of depression compared to females (PR = 1.45). Performing physical activity decreased the prevalence of depression (PR = 0.53); however, it increased the frequency of anxiety (PR = 1.26). Having family problems increased the prevalence of anxiety (PR = 1.26). Medical students from private universities experienced higher rates of depression and anxiety. Depression and anxiety were associated with gender and physical activity. These findings highlight the importance of mental health promotion due to its link with quality of life and academic performance