Boron application in oxisols and responses of coffee plants

Estudou-se a resposta de mudas de cafeeiros à nutrição de B, em Latossolo Roxo Distrófico e em Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro Distrófico fase arenosa apresentando diferente capacidade de adsorção. Os tratamentos consistiram da adição de solução de ácido bórico (0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 8,0 μg de Bml-1 ). Foram avaliados quatro métodos para extração de B dos solos: pasta de saturação; HCI 0,05 N; HCI 0,1 N; e HCI 0,05 N + H2 SO4 0,025 N. Os teores de B foram determinados pelo método com azometina-H. A adsorção de B pelos solos foi consistente com o mecanismo descrito pela isoterma de Langmuir, com exceção dos desvios observados quando a concentração de B na solução do solo foi superior a 4 μg ml-1 . A quantidade de B adsorvido aumentou com o pH. Determinou-se que a capacidade dos solos de adsorverem B depende da textura deles. As técnicas de extrato da saturação e da extração de HCI 0,05 N mostraram a melhor correlação com a absorção de B pelas plantas. Encontrou-se que os cafeeiros respondem somente ao B em solução e não são diretamente influenciados pelo B adsorvido.To determine whether plants respond to adsorved or soluble boron, coffee seedlings were grown in two oxisols, Dystrophic Dark-Red Latosol and Dystrophic Dusky Red Latosol, having  different boron adsorption capacities. Six solution concentrations were employed: 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 μg of Bml-1.  Four soil boron extraction techniques were evaluated: saturation extract, 0.05 N HCI,0.1 N HCI, and 0.05 N HCI + 0.025 N H2SO4 (Mehlich Solution). Boron proportion was determined by the azomethine-H method. Adsorption of boron by those soils was consistent with a mechanism described by the Langmuir equation, except that deviations occur at solution concentration greater than about 4 μg B/ml. The quantity of boron adsorbed increased with pH. Boron adsorption capacity of the soils has been found to depend on their texture. The saturation extract and 0,05 N HCI extration techniques showed the best correlation with total plant boron uptake. It was found that coffee plants respond only to boron in solution and are not directly influenced by adsorbed boron

A nondigestion extraction method for boron in plant leaves

É descrito um procedimento analítico para o diagnóstico do estado nutricional de B em folhas de plantas por um método de extração sem digestão com a solução de HCl. A extração consistiu na adição de 20 ml de HCl 1N em tubos de ensaio contendo 400 mg do material vegetal, seguido por aquecimento a 80°C por 15 minutos, agitação por 60 minutos a 250 rpm e filtração. A seguir, transferiu- se uma alíquota de 5 ml do filtrado para tubos de ensaio de 200 ml, adicionaram-se 100 mg de carvão ativado, agitado por 15 minutos a 250 rpm e refiltrado. Os resultados foram comparados com aqueles obtidos por digestão seca. Os teores de B foram determinados pelo método colorimétrico com azomethina-H. Os resultados evidenciaram que ambos os métodos extraíram quantidades idênticas de B. A adsorção do B pelo carvão ativado em um meio-ácido foi desprezível. A presença do carvão ativado no extrato de folhas sem digestão promoveu a completa adsorção das substâncias solúveis interferentes na determinação colorimétrica de B a 420 nm, A precisão média da extração de B pelo método proposto foi de 1,54%.A nondigestion procedure using HCl for the extraction of B in plant tissues is described. Plant materials were treated with 1NHCl, heated at 80°C for 15 minutes, shaken at 250 rpm for 60 minutes, and filtered. Then, 5 ml of the extracted solution was treated with 100 mg of activated charcoal, shaken at 250 rpm for 15 minutes, and refiltered. Boron was determined by the colorimetric azomethine-H method. The results were compared with those obtained by dry-ashing method. B contents were determined by the colorimetric method with azomethine-H. The results have shown that both methods extracted identical quantities of B. B adsorption by activated-charcoal in an acid-medium was minimum. The presence of activated charcoal in the nondigested leaves extract carried out the complete adsorption of the soluble substances interfering with B colorimetric determination at 420 nm. The mean B extraction accuracy by the proposed method was 1.54 percent

Reduction of subsurface acidity in soil column

Foi conduzido um experimento em colunas para avaliar as influências da acidez subsuperficial de um Latossolo Roxo distrófico (LRd) no desenvolvimento vegetativo e radicular de mudas de cafeeiros. Os tratamentos foram: CaCO3 - superfície, CaCO3 0 cm - 60 cm, CaCO3 0 cm - 30 cm, CaCO330 cm - 60 cm, MgCO3 30 cm - 60 cm, CaSO4 - superfície e testemunha. O baixo teor de Ca e alto de Al diminuiu o desenvolvimento do cafeeiro. A aplicação superficial da calagem não foi eficiente para reduzir a acidez subsuperficial. As aplicações de CaCO3 à 0-30, 0-60 e 30-60 e MgCO3aumentaram o pH, Ca e Mg e neutralizaram o Al trocável apenas nas camadas aplicadas. O gesso aumentou o movimento de Ca e reduziu o Al trocável em toda coluna. A calagem aumentou a mineralização do N e a lixiviação de ânions e diminuiu a dos metais pesados. O gesso aumentou a lixiviação de ânions e cátions básicos e diminuiu a dos metais pesados. A incorporação do CaCO3 aumentou a absorção de Ca e diminuiu as de P, K e Mn. O efeito dos tratamentos no desenvolvimento da parte aérea obedeceu a seguinte ordem: CaCO3 0 cm - 60 cm > CaCO3 0 cm - 30 cm > CaSO4 - superfície > CaCO3 - superfície > > CaCO3 30 cm - 60 cm = MgCO3 30 cm - 60 cm = testemunha. Com relação ao desenvolvimento radicular, a única alteração foi CaSO4 - superfície > CaCO3 0 cm - 30 cm, em virtude do maior crescimento das raízes em profundidade como consequência do aumento do Ca e a redução de Al trocáveis na subsuperfície do solo. A greenhouse experiment was conducted for a year with columns to evaluate the influence of subsurface acidity of a dystrophic Latosol Roxo (Oxisol), on the root and shoot growth of coffee. Experiment involved CaCO3 - surface, CaCO3 0 cm - 60 cm, CaCO3 0 cm - 30 cm, CaCO3 30 cm - 60 cm, MgCO3 30 cm - 60 cm, CaSO4 - surface and control. Low soil pH and high Al restricted root and shoot growth of coffee. Surface-applied lime was not efficient either reducing subsoil exchangeable Al or increasing Ca levels in the underlayers of soil. Liming at 0 cm - 30 cm, 0 cm - 60 cm and 30 cm - 60 cm deep, increased soil pH and exchangeable Ca and Mg and decreased exchangeable Al in the applied soil layer only. Gypsum increased the movement of Ca and reduced the exchangeable KCl-Al in the entire soil column. Liming increased N-mineralization and anions leaching and decreased heavy metals leaching. Gypsum increased anions and basic cations and decreased heavy metals leaching. Deep lime applications increased Ca uptake and decreased P, K and Mn uptake. The effects of treatments on shoot growth and leaf area were as following: CaCO3 - 0 cm - 60 cm > CaCO3 0 cm - 30 cm > CaSO4 - surface > CaCO3 - surface > CaCO330 cm - 60 cm = MgCO3 30 cm - 60 cm = control. Regarding root growth, the only difference was that CaSO4 - surface > > CaCO3 0 cm - 30 cm. It was found that gypsum improved deeper root growth as a consequence of the increased movement of Ca and reduction of exchangeable Al in the subsurface of soil.

AVERAGE REFERENCE VALUES OF GEOCHEMICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL VARIABLES IN STREAM SEDIMENTS AND SOILS, STATE OF PARANÁ, BRAZIL

The collection of 696 samples of stream sediments and 307 of soil - horizon B, according to thestandards and recommendations of the Project IGCP-259 and IGCP-360 (UNESCO and IUGS) and thedetermination of geochemical, geophysical and soils fertility parameters, allowed the constitution of a robustdata base covering the 200,000 km2 of the State of Paraná, southern Brazil. The 39 composite samplesrepresenting the GGRN (Global Geochemical Reference Network) from original stream sediments sampleswere analysed for Ag, Al2O3, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, CaO, Cd, Ce, Cl, Co, Corganic, Cr, Cs, Ctotal, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, F,Fe2O3, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hg, Ho, I, K2O, La, Li, Lu., MgO, Mn, Mo, N, Na2O, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rb, S, Sb, Sc,Se, SiO2, Sm, Sn, Sr, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn. The 43 composite samples representing the GGRN(Global Geochemical Reference Network) from original soil - B horizon samples were analysed for Ag, Al2O3,As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, CaO, Cd, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, F, Fe2O3, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf , Hg, Ho, I, In, K2O,La, Li, Lu, MgO, Mn, Mo, N, Na2O, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, SiO2, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti,Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr. In the 307 original soil samples – B horizon, were determined the soil fertilityvariables Al, Alexchangeable, Caavailable, Mgavailable, B extractable, C, Cu extractable, Zn extractable, Fe extractable, H+ + Al3+, Mn extractable,Pavailable, Kavailable, pH, S extractable, Znextractable, V , S, T, as well as the magnetic susceptibility and total counts, eU, eThand K by gamma-spectrometry. The average values for these variables in the State of Paraná’s territory, as wellas its comparison with the global averages - for the Earth’s rocks and soils, allowed to establish referencevalues that can be used in multipurpose researches like geology, mineral exploration, delimitation of healthrisk areas to humans, fauna and flora, agricultural planning, environmental monitoring. The content of thisdata base, that describes some environmental characteristics of the Paraná’s territory, represents a firstapproach in a regional basis that will serve so much as reference for more detailed studies focusing limitedareas in the state, as for the investigation of the territory of other Brazilian states or even bordering countries.A coleta de 696 amostras de sedimentos de drenagem e 307 de solo – horizonte B, segundo ospadrões estabelecidos pelos Projetos IGCP-259 e IGCP-360 (UNESCO e IUGS), e a determinação de variáveisgeoquímicas, geofísicas e de fertilidade de solos nas amostras compostas representando as célulasGlobal Geochemical Reference Network (GGRN) permitiram a constituição de uma robusta base de dadoscobrindo os 200.000 km2 do Estado do Paraná, na região Sul do Brasil. As 39 amostras representativas decélulas GGRN de sedimentos ativos de drenagem foram analisadas para Ag, Al2O3, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br,CaO, Cd, Ce, Cl, Co, Corgânico, Cr, Cs, Ctotal, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, F, Fe2O3, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hg, Ho, I, K2O, La, Li, Lu, MgO, Mn,Mo, N, Na2O, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, SiO2, Sm, Sn, Sr, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb,Zn. As 43 amostras representativas de células GGRN de solos – horizonte B foram analisadas para Ag, Al2O3, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, CaO, Cd, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, F, Fe2O3, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf , Hg, Ho, I, In, K2O,La, Li, Lu, MgO, Mn, Mo, N, Na2O, Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Pd, Pr, Pt, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, SiO2, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti,Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr. Nas 307 amostras originais de solo – horizonte B foram determinados parâmetrosde fertilidade de solos Al, Altrocável, Cadisponível, Mgdisponível, Btrocável, C, Cutrocável, Zntrocável, Fetrocável, H+ + Al3+, Mntrocável,Pdisponível, Kdisponível, pH, Strocável, Zntrocável, V , S, T, bem como a suscetibilidade magnética e contagem total, eU, eThe K por gamaespectrometria. Os valores médios dessas variáveis no território paranaense, assim como suacomparação com as médias globais para a superfície terrestre, permitiram estabelecer valores de referênciaque poderão ser utilizados em pesquisas multipropósito de geologia, exploração mineral, delimitação deáreas de risco à saúde humana, fauna e flora, planejamento agrícola e monitoramento ambiental. O conteúdodessa base de dados, que descreve algumas características ambientais do território paranaense, representauma primeira abordagem em escala regional que servirá como referência tanto para estudos localizadose de maior detalhe no estado do Paraná quanto para a investigação do território de outros estadosbrasileiros ou mesmo dos países limítrofes

Dinâmica de íons em solo ácido lixiviado com extratos de resíduos de adubos verdes e soluções

The influence of green manure residues addition in the dynamic of ions in acid soils is not well known. In this study, ion mobility in a sample of the Bw horizon of an Dark-Red Latosol (Oxisol), leached with citric and succinic acid pure solutions and with aqueous residue extracts of black oats (Avena strigosa) and oil seed radish (Raphanus sativus) were evaluated in soil columns (5, 10, 20, and 40 cm long by 4 cm diameter). After the solutions and extracts passed through the soil columns, the following parameters were determined: solubles contents of Cas, Mgs, Ks, Alst (total), Also (organic), Alsm (monomeric) and dissolved organic carbon. In soil, the parameters evaluated were the exchangeable contents of Caex, Mgex, Kex, and Alex and pH (CaCl2). Citric and succinic acids increased Alst and Cas contents, respectively, resulting in decreasing exchangeable fractions of these elements in soil. Black oats extract was more effective to extract Caex and oil seed radish to extract Alex. The decrease in Caex and Alex was followed by an increase in Kex. Organic complexes formed with low molecular organic ligands and Cas and Alex were suggested to play a role in the mobility of ions in subsoils of acid soils after the addition of both crop residues extracts and pure organic acid solutions.A influência da aplicação de resíduos vegetais na dinâmica de íons em solos ácidos é pouco conhecida. Neste estudo, a mobilidade de íons em amostra do horizonte Bw de um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro álico lixiviado com soluções puras de ácidos cítrico e succínico e extratos aquosos de resíduos de nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus) e aveia-preta (Avena strigosa) foi avaliada em colunas de solo (5, 10, 20 e 40 cm de altura por 4 cm de diâmetro). Após a percolação das soluções e extratos pelas colunas de solo determinaram-se, nas soluções efluentes, os teores de Ca (Cas), Mg (Mgs), K (Ks), Al total (Alst), orgânico (Also), monomérico (Alsm) e carbono orgânico dissolvido. No solo, foram determinados os teores trocáveis de Ca (Catr), Mg (Mgtr), K (Ktr) e Al (Altr) e o pH (CaCl2). Os ácidos cítrico e succínico aumentaram os teores de Alst e Cas, respectivamente, causando reduções nas frações trocáveis desses elementos no solo. O extrato de aveia-preta foi mais efetivo na remoção do Catr e o de nabo forrageiro na do Altr. O decréscimo de Catr e Altr foi seguido do aumento do Ktr. A formação de complexos entre Cas e Altr com compostos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular foi sugerida como o provável mecanismo responsável pela mobilidade dos íons polivalentes no subsolo de solos ácidos após a aplicação dos extratos de resíduos vegetais e das soluções puras de ácidos orgânicos

Determinação espectrofotométrica de nitrato em extratos de solo sem redução química

The use of two wavelenghts for assessing NO-3 in acid soil extracts by ultraviolet spectrophotometry were avaluated. The procedure consisted in measuring the absorbance of the soil extract at 210 nm without chemical reduction (NO-3 + interfering ions) and at longer wavelength (λ) where the ultraviolet light absorption due to NO-3 is neglegible and that due to interfering ions is similar to that measured at 210 nm, in which the NO-3 had been chemically reduced to NH+4. This technique was evaluated for a selection of acid and well aerated oxisols of Paraná (Brazil) agricultural region. The results showed that once "λ"   value is determined for that soil it can be used repetitively for the same soil unit. The nitrate content in acid and well aerated oxisols were essentially identical for the chemical reduction at 210 nm and two-wavelenght methods. The use of two-wavelength ultraviolet spectrophotometry without chemical reduction is suggested as an additional method for assessing NO-3 in acid soil extracts because of its rapidity, simplicity and precision.A concentração de NO-3 em extratos de solos ácidos foi avaliada por um método espectrofotométrico, utilizando-se dois comprimentos de onda na região ultravioleta. O procedimento consistiu na determinação da absorbância a 210 nm sem redução química (NO-3 + interferentes) e a um comprimento de onda superior (λ) no qual a absorção da luz ultravioleta pelo íon NO-3 foi nula e a dos íons interferentes foi similar à determinada a 210 nm com redução química para NH+4. Este método foi avaliado em extratos de vários solos ácidos e bem aerados da região agrícola do Paraná. Os resultados demonstraram que, uma vez determinado, o valor de λ  pode ser utilizado repetidamente para uma mesma unidade de solo. Os teores de NO3 determinados pelo método sem redução química, com leituras diretas no espectrofotômetro em dois comprimentos de onda na região ultravioleta, foram idênticos aos determinados com redução química a 210 nm. A utilização de dois comprimentos de onda na região ultravioleta sem redução química foi sugerida como um procedimento adicional para avaliar os teores da NO3 em extratos de solo devido à rapidez, simplicidade e precisão

A modified ferron method for aluminum determination

O objetivo deste estudo foi modificar o método de determinação de alumínio por ferron, para contornar a interferência do ferro em análise de extratos de solo e planta. As diferenças entre as absorções dos complexos Al-Fe-ferron e Al-ferron determinadas a 370 nm e 600 nm, de acordo com o método original, são variáveis e dependem da concentração de Fe na solução. A absorbância de Fe-ferron a 370 nm não seguiu a lei de Beer e não foi proporcional à determinada a 600 nm, limitando a aplicação do método original para determinação de Al na presença de Fe. A utilização de uma solução redutora, cloreto de hidroxilamina, e de uma complexante, 1,10-fenantrotina 0,2%, e a realização das leituras a 370 nm (Al-Fe-ferron-fenantrolina) e 530 nm (Fe-ferron-fenantrolina) possibilitaram a determinação de Al em solução contendo Fe. As diferenças entre as absorções de Al-Fe-ferron-fenantrolina e Al-ferron-fenantrolina determinadas a 370 nm e 530 nm foram constantes para várias concentrações de Al e Fe na solução. Os teores de Al em extratos de solos (KCl 1 M, CaCl2 0,01 M e NH4OAc 1 N pH 4,8), e plantas (digestão nítrico-perclórica), determinados pelo método de ferron-modificado foram semelhantes aos por eriocromo cianina.The objective of this study was to modify the ferron method for aluminum determination in soil and plant extracts in order to avoid iron interferences. The differences between spectrophotometric measurements of the Al-Fe-ferron and Al-ferron complexes at 370 nm and 600 nm by the original method, were found to be variable and higly dependent on Fe levels in solution. The Fe-ferron complex did not follow Beer's law at 370 nm and the absorbance was not proportional to that at 600 nm. A modification of the ferron method for the determination of Al in the presence of Fe is described in which the interfering effect of Fe ions is suppressed by masking with a complexone solution of 1,10-phenantroline after reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ with NH3OHCl. The differences between absorbances of Al-Fe-fer.-phen and Al-fer.-phen, measured at 370 nm and 530 nm, were constants for a wide range of Al and Fe concentrations in solutions. The modified method is precise and accurate for determining extractable Al from soil (1 M KCl, 0.01 M CaCl2 and 1 N NH4OAc pH 4.8) and total Al from plant (Nitric-perchloric digestion) extracts. The results of the modified method were similar to those determined by the eriochrome cyanine method

18FDG-PET at 1-Month Intervals Is a Better Predictive Marker for GISTs That Are Difficult to Be Diagnosed Histopathologically: A Case Report

Imatinib mesylate is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of c-KIT and PDGFRA. Imatinib mesylate is an effective drug that can be used as a first-choice agent for treatment of GISTs. Prior to treatment, molecular diagnosis of c-KIT or PDGFRA is necessary; however, in some types of GISTs, it is impossible to obtain a sufficient amount of specimen for diagnosis. An inoperable or marginally resectable GIST in a 79-year-old female was difficult to be diagnosed at a molecular pathological level, and hence, exploratory treatment was initiated using imatinib combined with 18FDG-PET evaluation at 1-month intervals. PET imaging indicated a positive response, and so we continued imatinib treatment in an NAC setting for 4 months. As a result, curative resection of the entire tumor was successfully performed with organ preservation and minimally invasive surgery. 18FDG-PET evaluation at 1-month intervals is beneficial for GISTs that are difficult to be diagnosed histopathologically

Tumor cell and carcinoma-associated fibroblast interaction regulates matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in oral squamous cell carcinoma

AbstractCo-culture of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts and SCC-25 oral squamous carcinoma cells (OSCC), results in conversion of PDLs into carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Paracrin circuits between CAFs and OSCC cells were hypothesized to regulate the gene expression of matrix remodeling enzymes in their co-culture, which was performed for 7days, followed by analysis of the mRNA/protein expression and activity of metalloproteinases (MMPs), their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) and other relevant genes. Interleukin1-β, transforming growth factor-β1, fibronectin and αvβ6 integrin have shown to be involved in the regulation of the MMP and TIMP gene expression in co-culture of CAFs and tumor cells. In addition, these cells also cooperated in activation of MMP pro-enzymes. It is particularly interesting that the fibroblast-produced inactive MMP-2 has been activated by the tumor-cell-produced membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP). The crosstalk between cancer- and the surrounding fibroblast stromal-cells is essential for the fine tuning of cancer cells invasivity

Transcription factors RUNX1 and RUNX3 in the induction and suppressive function of Foxp3+ inducible regulatory T cells

Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)+CD4+CD25+ inducible regulatory T (iT reg) cells play an important role in immune tolerance and homeostasis. In this study, we show that the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) induces the expression of the Runt-related transcription factors RUNX1 and RUNX3 in CD4+ T cells. This induction seems to be a prerequisite for the binding of RUNX1 and RUNX3 to three putative RUNX binding sites in the FOXP3 promoter. Inactivation of the gene encoding RUNX cofactor core-binding factor-β (CBFβ) in mice and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated suppression of RUNX1 and RUNX3 in human T cells resulted in reduced expression of Foxp3. The in vivo conversion of naive CD4+ T cells into Foxp3+ iT reg cells was significantly decreased in adoptively transferred CbfbF/F CD4-cre naive T cells into Rag2−/− mice. Both RUNX1 and RUNX3 siRNA silenced human T reg cells and CbfbF/F CD4-cre mouse T reg cells showed diminished suppressive function in vitro. Circulating human CD4+ CD25high CD127− T reg cells significantly expressed higher levels of RUNX3, FOXP3, and TGF-β mRNA compared with CD4+CD25− cells. Furthermore, FOXP3 and RUNX3 were colocalized in human tonsil T reg cells. These data demonstrate Runx transcription factors as a molecular link in TGF-β–induced Foxp3 expression in iT reg cell differentiation and function