Sequential modular position and momentum measurements of a trapped ion mechanical oscillator

The non-commutativity of position and momentum observables is a hallmark feature of quantum physics. However this incompatibility does not extend to observables which are periodic in these base variables. Such modular-variable observables have been suggested as tools for fault-tolerant quantum computing and enhanced quantum sensing. Here we implement sequential measurements of modular variables in the oscillatory motion of a single trapped ion, using state-dependent displacements and a heralded non-destructive readout. We investigate the commutative nature of modular variable observables by demonstrating no-signaling-in-time between successive measurements, using a variety of input states. In the presence of quantum interference, which we enhance using squeezed input states, measurements of different periodicity show signaling-in-time. The sequential measurements allow us to extract two-time correlators for modular variables, which we use to violate a Leggett-Garg inequality. The experiments involve control and coherence of multi-component superpositions of up to 8 coherent, squeezed or Fock state wave-packets. Signaling-in-time as well as Leggett-Garg inequalities serve as efficient quantum witnesses which we probe here with a mechanical oscillator, a system which has a natural crossover from the quantum to the classical regime.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures and supplemental informatio

Seniority Systems and Title VII

Seniority provisions frequently work to the disadvantage of minorities because earlier employment discrimination, prior to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,1 leaves them with fewer years of service. A conflict is thus created between the tradition of seniority and the goals of equal opportunity and affirmative action. The applicability of Title VII to seniority systems and the affirmative action tools for achieving the national policy of equal opportunity will be the focus of this article

Liability For Insider Trading: Expansion of Liability in Rule 10b-5 Cases

This article will examine the recent litigation developments of Section 10 and Rule 10-b in Carpenter v. United States and in Basic, Inc. v. Levinson. The origins and developments of the misappropriation theory and the application of the mail fraud statutes as applied to Section 10 will also be discussed. Finally, the duty of disclosure and the timing of disclosure of merger negotiations, along with the fraud-on-the-market theory of civil liability under Rule 10b-5, will be explored in the context of the Basic case

Spectral identification/elimination of molecular species in spacecraft glow

Computer models of molecular electronic and vibrational emission intensities were developed. Known radiative emission rates (Einstein coefficients) permit the determination of relative excited state densities from spectral intensities. These codes were applied to the published spectra of glow above shuttle surface and to the Spacelab 1 results of Torr and Torr. The theoretical high-resolution spectra were convolved with the appropriate instrumental slit functions to allow accurate comparison with data. The published spacelab spectrum is complex but N2+ Meinel emission can be clearly identified in the ram spectrum. M2 First Positive emission does not correlate well with observed features, nor does the CN Red System. Spectral overlay comparisons are presented. The spectrum of glow above shuttle surfaces, in contrast to the ISO data, is not highly structured. Diatomic molecular emission was matched to the observed spectral shape. Source excitation mechanisms such as (oxygen atom)-(surface species) reaction product chemiluminescence, surface recombination, or resonance fluorescent re-emission will be discussed for each tentative assignment. These assignments are the necessary first analytical step toward mechanism identification. Different glow mechanisms will occur above surfaces under different orbital conditions

Limitations on Rule 10b-5

The federal securities acts of 1933 and 1934 sought to protect the investing public against fraud and manipulation by replacing the doctrine of caveat emptor with a system of full disclosure. Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 gives the Securities and Exchange Commission the power to promulgate rules in order to prohibit any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance. In 1942 the Commission adopted rule 10b-5 to implement the catch-all provision of section 10(b) which can be viewed as a grant of wide-ranging discretion to the SEC. Although all of the elements necessary for recovery in a 10b-5 action are not yet settled, the general requirements have been identified by the courts: that the defendant come within the jurisdiction of the rule; that the proscribed activities be in connection with the purchase or sale of any security; that the defendant possess the necessary scienter; that there exist an untrue statement of a material fact; that there exist a causation-in-fact; and finally, that a security be involved. The cause of action impliedly granted by rule 10b-5 has often given plaintiffs a better chance of recovery than have traditional state remedies. Other advantages of a 10b-5 action soon became apparent to investors. The statute of limitations under rule 10b-5 is more favorable than other federal securities provisions since it is subject to the generous time periods of state statutes; the tolling of the statute, however, is a matter of federal law rather than state law. Rule 10b-5 is a broad antifraud provision in the federal securities laws: it prohibits fraud, misrepresentation, half-truths, concealment of after-acquired information and omissions. It applies to conduct in many areas, including insider trading, exchange and tender offers, mismanagement, market manipulation, broker-dealer activities, and fiduciary activities. Although there is no language in either section 10(b) or rule 10b-5 which expressly provides for a private cause of action for damages, ever since the seminal case of Kardon v. National Gypsum Company twenty federal courts have recognized a private cause of action, which right is now firmly established. Judge Kirkpatrick set forth in the Kardon case two theories upon which an implied right of action is based. The first theory posited that disregard of the command of a statute is a wrongful act and a tort, the second that violation of a statutory enactment that a contract of a certain kind shall be void almost necessarily implies a remedy in respect of it. Because there are so many advantages to using the rule, 10b-5 is generating almost as much litigation as all the other general antifraud provisions together, and several times as much as the express liabilities. Increasingly, however, courts have placed limitations on the reach of rule 10b-5.2 In addition to establishing purchaser-seller standing rules, scienter standards, and materiality requirements, courts have set standards of conduct for plaintiffs. Suits have in a few cases been barred by application of the in pari delicto defense, and in at least one case an action was not allowed under 10b-5 when a state remedy was available

Student Conduct Regulations

The law relating to university students in their relationships with their schools has been undergoing rapid change as students have sought judicial relief when subjected to disciplinary action by universities. The courts have, in recent years, applied constitutional standards in reviewing the action of university officials with respect to the form of student conduct regulations, student expression, and disciplinary proceedings in the tax-supported university. Judicial abstention was once the rule, historically based upon a number of varying theories. Attendance at a university was once regarded as a privilege, and regulation of student action has been upheld on this theory as well as those of in loco parentis and contract. An administrator\u27s actions can no longer be defended on the basis that he stands in the place of a parent, or that school attendance is a mere privilege which can be revoked at will

Student Conduct Regulations

The law relating to university students in their relationships with their schools has been undergoing rapid change as students have sought judicial relief when subjected to disciplinary action by universities. The courts have, in recent years, applied constitutional standards in reviewing the action of university officials with respect to the form of student conduct regulations, student expression, and disciplinary proceedings in the tax-supported university. Judicial abstention was once the rule, historically based upon a number of varying theories. Attendance at a university was once regarded as a privilege, and regulation of student action has been upheld on this theory as well as those of in loco parentis and contract. An administrator\u27s actions can no longer be defended on the basis that he stands in the place of a parent, or that school attendance is a mere privilege which can be revoked at will

Title VII: Legal Protection Against Sexual Harassment

The purpose of this article is to examine early case law and recent court decisions involving sexual harassment, especially Meritor v. Vinson. The article will discuss employer avoidance of liability under the EEOC guidelines and will urge employers to implement steps to investigate, prohibit, and sensitize supervisors to sexual harassment

Grey-box Modelling of a Household Refrigeration Unit Using Time Series Data in Application to Demand Side Management

This paper describes the application of stochastic grey-box modeling to identify electrical power consumption-to-temperature models of a domestic freezer using experimental measurements. The models are formulated using stochastic differential equations (SDEs), estimated by maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), validated through the model residuals analysis and cross-validated to detect model over-fitting. A nonlinear model based on the reversed Carnot cycle is also presented and included in the modeling performance analysis. As an application of the models, we apply model predictive control (MPC) to shift the electricity consumption of a freezer in demand response experiments, thereby addressing the model selection problem also from the application point of view and showing in an experimental context the ability of MPC to exploit the freezer as a demand side resource (DSR).Comment: Submitted to Sustainable Energy Grids and Networks (SEGAN). Accepted for publicatio