Membrane estrogen receptor-α contributes to female protection against high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders

BackgroundEstrogen Receptor α (ERα) is a significant modulator of energy balance and lipid/glucose metabolisms. Beyond the classical nuclear actions of the receptor, rapid activation of intracellular signaling pathways is mediated by a sub-fraction of ERα localized to the plasma membrane, known as Membrane Initiated Steroid Signaling (MISS). However, whether membrane ERα is involved in the protective metabolic actions of endogenous estrogens in conditions of nutritional challenge, and thus contributes to sex differences in the susceptibility to metabolic diseases, remains to be clarified.MethodsMale and female C451A-ERα mice, harboring a point mutation which results in the abolition of membrane localization and MISS-related effects of the receptor, and their wild-type littermates (WT-ERα) were maintained on a normal chow diet (NCD) or fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Body weight gain, body composition and glucose tolerance were monitored. Insulin sensitivity and energy balance regulation were further investigated in HFD-fed female mice.ResultsC451A-ERα genotype had no influence on body weight gain, adipose tissue accumulation and glucose tolerance in NCD-fed mice of both sexes followed up to 7 months of age, nor male mice fed a HFD for 12 weeks. In contrast, compared to WT-ERα littermates, HFD-fed C451A-ERα female mice exhibited: 1) accelerated fat mass accumulation, liver steatosis and impaired glucose tolerance; 2) whole-body insulin resistance, assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, and altered insulin-induced signaling in skeletal muscle and liver; 3) significant decrease in energy expenditure associated with histological and functional abnormalities of brown adipose tissue and a defect in thermogenesis regulation in response to cold exposure.ConclusionBesides the well-characterized role of ERα nuclear actions, membrane-initiated ERα extra-nuclear signaling contributes to female, but not to male, protection against HFD-induced obesity and associated metabolic disorders in mouse

Reprogramming of endothelial gene expression by tamoxifen inhibits angiogenesis and ERα-negative tumor growth.

peer reviewedRationale: 17β-estradiol (E2) can directly promote the growth of ERα-negative cancer cells through activation of endothelial ERα in the tumor microenvironment, thereby increasing a normalized tumor angiogenesis. ERα acts as a transcription factor through its nuclear transcriptional AF-1 and AF-2 transactivation functions, but membrane ERα plays also an important role in endothelium. The present study aims to decipher the respective roles of these two pathways in ERα-negative tumor growth. Moreover, we delineate the actions of tamoxifen, a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) in ERα-negative tumors growth and angiogenesis, since we recently demonstrated that tamoxifen impacts vasculature functions through complex modulation of ERα activity. Methods: ERα-negative B16K1 cancer cells were grafted into immunocompetent mice mutated for ERα-subfunctions and tumor growths were analyzed in these different models in response to E2 and/or tamoxifen treatment. Furthermore, RNA sequencings were analyzed in endothelial cells in response to these different treatments and validated by RT-qPCR and western blot. Results: We demonstrate that both nuclear and membrane ERα actions are required for the pro-tumoral effects of E2, while tamoxifen totally abrogates the E2-induced in vivo tumor growth, through inhibition of angiogenesis but promotion of vessel normalization. RNA sequencing indicates that tamoxifen inhibits the E2-induced genes, but also initiates a specific transcriptional program that especially regulates angiogenic genes and differentially regulates glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and inflammatory responses in endothelial cells. Conclusion: These findings provide evidence that tamoxifen specifically inhibits angiogenesis through a reprogramming of endothelial gene expression via regulation of some transcription factors, that could open new promising strategies to manage cancer therapies affecting the tumor microenvironment of ERα-negative tumors

Dissection des effets membranaires et nucléaires du récepteur aux oestrogènes ERα in vivo

Les œstrogènes sont impliqués dans le développement et l'homéostasie de nombreux tissus reproducteurs et extra-reproducteurs et influencent de nombreux processus physiologiques et pathologiques. L'action des œstrogènes est relayée majoritairement par le récepteur des œstrogènes ERα dont l'action nucléaire conduit à la régulation transcriptionnelle de ses gènes cibles alors que son activation membranaire induit différentes voies de signalisations cytoplasmiques. Le but de ce travail de thèse a été d'évaluer in vivo les rôles respectifs des effets nucléaires et membranaires dans différents processus physiologiques (modulation de la fertilité, vasculo-protection, prolifération endométriale) ou pathologiques (angiogenèse tumorale) en réponse au 17β-œstradiol (E2). Différents modèles de souris transgéniques ont été utilisés, notamment les souris C451A-ERα présentant une mutation du site de palmitoylation nécessaire à l'adressage membranaire de ERα. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence la part respective des effets membranaires et nucléaires de ERα dans différents tissus.Estrogen Receptor ERα is a nuclear receptor, which regulates many physiological functions through estradiol (E2) binding on two cellular sub-localizations: Nuclear ERa is implicated in the regulation of gene expression while membrane ERα (targeting through Cys451 palmitoylation) activates kinase signaling. The main objective of my PhD thesis was to investigate the respective roles of membrane and nuclear ERα signaling in physiological functions (fertility, vascular protection, uterine proliferation) or pathological functions (tumoral angiogenesis) in response to 17β-estradiol, pharmacological tools (EDC, Estrogen Dendrimer Conjugate) or selective ligand as tamoxifen or Estetrol (E4). Two complementary mouse models were used to delineate their respective functions of membrane and nuclear ERa signaling in vivo: ERα-AF20 mice with specific deletion of the AF2 transactivation function necessary to recruit transcriptional coactivators; C451A-ERα mice with specific mutation of the palmitoylation site of ERα necessary for membrane targeting. Furthermore, the specific role of ERα methylation, occurring on Arg264 and essential for ERα/Src/PI3K complex formation, has been evaluated in vivo using mice R264A-ERα. This work demonstrates for the first time the respective role of membrane and nuclear ERα signaling in vivo. We have highlighted some tissue-specific roles of nuclear and membrane signaling in uterus and vascular protection respectively, but also in fertility. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular ERα signaling in vivo which is of major importance for the design of new SERMs (Selective ER Modulators)

Dissection of membrane and nuclear estrogen receptor alpha actions in vivo

Les œstrogènes sont impliqués dans le développement et l'homéostasie de nombreux tissus reproducteurs et extra-reproducteurs et influencent de nombreux processus physiologiques et pathologiques. L'action des œstrogènes est relayée majoritairement par le récepteur des œstrogènes ERα dont l'action nucléaire conduit à la régulation transcriptionnelle de ses gènes cibles alors que son activation membranaire induit différentes voies de signalisations cytoplasmiques. Le but de ce travail de thèse a été d'évaluer in vivo les rôles respectifs des effets nucléaires et membranaires dans différents processus physiologiques (modulation de la fertilité, vasculo-protection, prolifération endométriale) ou pathologiques (angiogenèse tumorale) en réponse au 17β-œstradiol (E2). Différents modèles de souris transgéniques ont été utilisés, notamment les souris C451A-ERα présentant une mutation du site de palmitoylation nécessaire à l'adressage membranaire de ERα. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence la part respective des effets membranaires et nucléaires de ERα dans différents tissus.Estrogen Receptor ERα is a nuclear receptor, which regulates many physiological functions through estradiol (E2) binding on two cellular sub-localizations: Nuclear ERa is implicated in the regulation of gene expression while membrane ERα (targeting through Cys451 palmitoylation) activates kinase signaling. The main objective of my PhD thesis was to investigate the respective roles of membrane and nuclear ERα signaling in physiological functions (fertility, vascular protection, uterine proliferation) or pathological functions (tumoral angiogenesis) in response to 17β-estradiol, pharmacological tools (EDC, Estrogen Dendrimer Conjugate) or selective ligand as tamoxifen or Estetrol (E4). Two complementary mouse models were used to delineate their respective functions of membrane and nuclear ERa signaling in vivo: ERα-AF20 mice with specific deletion of the AF2 transactivation function necessary to recruit transcriptional coactivators; C451A-ERα mice with specific mutation of the palmitoylation site of ERα necessary for membrane targeting. Furthermore, the specific role of ERα methylation, occurring on Arg264 and essential for ERα/Src/PI3K complex formation, has been evaluated in vivo using mice R264A-ERα. This work demonstrates for the first time the respective role of membrane and nuclear ERα signaling in vivo. We have highlighted some tissue-specific roles of nuclear and membrane signaling in uterus and vascular protection respectively, but also in fertility. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular ERα signaling in vivo which is of major importance for the design of new SERMs (Selective ER Modulators)

SR9009 has REV-ERB–independent effects on cell proliferation and metabolism

The nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and -β link circadian rhythms and metabolism. Like other nuclear receptors, REV-ERB activity can be regulated by ligands, including naturally occurring heme. A putative ligand, SR9009, has been reported to elicit a range of beneficial effects in healthy as well as diseased animal models and cell systems. However, the direct involvement of REV-ERBs in these effects of SR9009 has not been thoroughly assessed, as experiments were not performed in the complete absence of both proteins. Here, we report the generation of a mouse model for conditional genetic deletion of REV-ERBα and -β. We show that SR9009 can decrease cell viability, rewire cellular metabolism, and alter gene transcription in hepatocytes and embryonic stem cells lacking both REV-ERBα and -β. Thus, the effects of SR9009 cannot be used solely as surrogate for REV-ERB activity.</jats:p

Circadian lipid synthesis in brown fat maintains murine body temperature during chronic cold

Ambient temperature influences the molecular clock and lipid metabolism, but the impact of chronic cold exposure on circadian lipid metabolism in thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) has not been studied. Here we show that during chronic cold exposure (1 wk at 4 °C), genes controlling de novo lipogenesis (DNL) including Srebp1 , the master transcriptional regulator of DNL, acquired high-amplitude circadian rhythms in thermogenic BAT. These conditions activated mechanistic target of rapamycin 1 (mTORC1), an inducer of Srebp1 expression, and engaged circadian transcriptional repressors REV-ERBα and β as rhythmic regulators of Srebp1 in BAT. SREBP was required in BAT for the thermogenic response to norepinephrine, and depletion of SREBP prevented maintenance of body temperature both during circadian cycles as well as during fasting of chronically cold mice. By contrast, deletion of REV-ERBα and β in BAT allowed mice to maintain their body temperature in chronic cold. Thus, the environmental challenge of prolonged noncircadian exposure to cold temperature induces circadian induction of SREBP1 that drives fuel synthesis in BAT and is necessary to maintain circadian body temperature during chronic cold exposure. The requirement for BAT fatty acid synthesis has broad implications for adaptation to cold. </jats:p

Estrogen receptor subcellular localization and cardiometabolism

Background: In addition to their crucial role in reproduction, estrogens are key regulators of energy and glucose homeostasis and they also exert several cardiovascular protective effects. These beneficial actions are mainly mediated by estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), which is widely expressed in metabolic and vascular tissues. As a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, ERα was primarily considered as a transcription factor that controls gene expression through the activation of its two activation functions (ERαAF-1 and ERαAF-2). However, besides these nuclear actions, a pool of ERα is localized in the vicinity of the plasma membrane, where it mediates rapid signaling effects called membrane-initiated steroid signals (MISS) that have been well described in vitro, especially in endothelial cells. Scope of the review: This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of the mechanisms of nuclear vs membrane ERα activation that contribute to the cardiometabolic protection conferred by estrogens. Indeed, new transgenic mouse models (affecting either DNA binding, activation functions or membrane localization), together with the use of novel pharmacological tools that electively activate membrane ERα effects recently allowed to begin to unravel the different modes of ERα signaling in vivo. Conclusion: Altogether, available data demonstrate the prominent role of ERα nuclear effects, and, more specifically, of ERαAF-2, in the preventive effects of estrogens against obesity, diabetes, and atheroma. However, membrane ERα signaling selectively mediates some of the estrogen endothelial/vascular effects (NO release, reendothelialization) and could also contribute to the regulation of energy balance, insulin sensitivity, and glucose metabolism. Such a dissection of ERα biological functions related to its subcellular localization will help to understand the mechanism of action of “old” ER modulators and to design new ones with an optimized benefit/risk profile. Keywords: Estrogen receptors, Genomic effects, Membrane-initiated steroid signals, Energy balance, Glucose homeostasis, Cardiovascular syste