12 research outputs found

    Stability-Indicating HPLC Method for isoflavones aglycones analysis from Trifolium pratense L. extract

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    The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a fast HPLC stability-indicating method for simultaneously quantifying the four main isoflavones in Trifolium pratense. Validation procedures followed the ICH requirements for complex matrices. The stability-indicating tests were performed by exposing the isoflavones to conditions of forced degradation and further analysis for verifying the formation of degradation products and their possible interferences in the HPLC analysis. The major isoflavones of Trifolium pratense proved to be stable against acid and oxidative media, thermodegradation, and photodegradation. However, they proved to be unstable in alkaline media, even for short periods of exposure like 2h. In this condition, in addition to the peaks corresponding to isoflavones, the HPLC analysis showed the presence of three additional peaks which were eluted at different retention times to the reference substances, without interfering in the quantification of the four analytes of interest, formononetin, biochanin A, daidzein and genistein. The method was validated following ICH guidelines showing to be specific, linear, precise, accurate, and robust.This first report concerning a stability-indicating method revealed that the proposed HPLC method reliably quantify the isoflavones and separate them from the degradation products in a short time of analysis

    Validation of a green spectrophotometric method for the determination of dropropizine in commercial oral solutions

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    The present work describes a first-order derivative spectrophotometric (1D-UV) method for determination of dropropizine in commercial oral solutions. The method was developed using ecologically correct solvents and validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) recommendations. The response was linear in the concentration range of 6–24 μg/mL (r = 0.9997, n = 7) at wavelength 249 nm, which was the zero crossing point of excipient solutions. The detection and quantitation limits were 0.36 and 1.18 μg/mL, respectively. The method showed adequate precision, with a relative standard deviation values lower than 1.41%. Excellent values of accuracy were obtained, with a mean value of 99.44%. The method proved to be robust by a full factorial design evaluation. It is simple, it has low cost, and it has low use of polluting reagents. Minimum environmental hazards observed and the results obtained attest to the reliability of the proposed green method, showing to be specific, linear, precise, accurate and robust. Thus, the validated 1D-UV spectrophotometric method was successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of dropropizine in oral solutions dosage forms, helping to improve quality control and to assure therapeutic efficacy

    Determination of coumarins from pterocaulon balansae by an ultra-fast liquid chromatography method in topical applications

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    Coumarins from Pterocaulon balansae Chodat, Asteraceae, have received increasing attention due to their biological activities, especially for the treatment of skin disorders. This study aimed to develop and validate high-performance and ultra-fast liquid chromatography methods for the analytical determination of coumarins in extracts, in topical formulations, as well as in porcine skin after in vitro permeation/retention studies. The chromatographic conditions consisted of a mobile phase with 0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B) using a gradient elution; the flow rate and a column oven temperature: HPLC-UV, 1 ml min−1; 30 °C and UFLC-DAD, 0.55 ml min−1; 55 °C for 45 min and 8 min, respectively. The chemical marker 5-methoxy-6,7- methylenedioxycoumarin was used for the construction of the linearity curve in a concentration range from 0.1 to 7.5 μg ml−1. A low matrix effect was observed. The method robustness was confirmed using the Plackett-Burman experimental design. These methodologies proved to be linear, precise, and accurate for the determination of seven coumarins in analytical and bioanalytical samples in both approaches. However, UFLC analysis time was shortened to about one-fourth the time and consumes significantly less eluent, being more eco-friendly in comparison with HPLC

    Isoflavone aglycones-rich fraction from soybeans (Glycine max) : technological, physicochemical, analytical and skin permeation studies

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    Isoflavonas são substâncias fenólicas conhecidas por promoverem diversos efeitos benéficos à pele. Na soja, esses compostos são essencialmente encontrados nas formas glicosiladas. No entanto, as atividades biológicas são principalmente relacionadas com as suas formas agliconas. A presente tese teve como principal objetivo a obtenção de uma fração enriquecida em isoflavonas agliconas e a sua incorporação em formulações tópicas visando o aumento da retenção cutânea de tais compostos. Para tanto, foi realizada primeiramente a extração de soja em meio hidroetanólico seguida de processo clássico hidrolítico (hidrólise ácida) para obtenção das formas livres das isoflavonas. O extrato obtido foi avaliado por um método cromatográfico de ultraeficiência, o qual foi desenvolvido e validado para a determinação quantitativa das isoflavonas agliconas (IA), bem como para avaliação das principais impurezas furânicas formadas. O método mostrou-se específico, linear, preciso, robusto e exato para a quantificação das IA daidzeína, gliciteína e genisteína, e para a quantificação das impurezas hidroximetilfurfural (HMF) e etoximetilfurfural (EMF). Além disso, o método foi concomitantemente validado para a quantificação das IA em diferentes matrizes analíticas e bioanalíticas visando estudos de desenvolvimento de produtos tópicos e estudos de permeação/retenção cutânea. Devido à toxicidade relatada na literatura para o HMF, o presente estudo investigou in vitro o potencial genotóxico e mutagênico do EMF, principal impureza formada após degradação ácida dos açúcares presentes no extrato hidroetanólico de soja. O EMF apresentou potencial genotóxico em linhagem celular do tipo HepG2 nas concentrações próximas ao teor encontrado no extrato. Devido a isso, foi realizada uma investigação de métodos alternativos ao da hidrólise ácida visando à obtenção das IA da soja sem a presença de HMF e EMF, e facilitando, desta forma, os processos de purificação até uma fração enriquecida em IA. Para tanto, foram realizadas otimizações de processos hidrolíticos mais seletivos, tais como hidrólise enzimática com β-glicosidase e fermentação com Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Os processos foram primeiramente avaliados por desenho experimental de Plackett-Burman para determinação dos principais fatores que podem influenciar durante os bioprocessos hidrolíticos. Posteriormente, os métodos foram otimizados por meio de desenho experimental de Box-Behnken. Destaca-se que os processos foram realizados com um extrato equivalente ao extraído de 1,0 g de soja desengordurada. Para o método enzimático, as condições ótimas de processo compreenderam 838 unidades de β-glicosidase, em pH 6.0, durante 4,5 h à 37 ºC. Para o método fermentativo, as condições ótimas de processo hidrolítico compreenderam 1500 mg de fermento comercial contendo Saccharomyces cerevisiae, em pH 7.6, durante 24 h à 33 ºC. Os extratos foram avaliados quanto ao teor de IA, sempre realizando a sua comparação com um extrato não hidrolisado (controle negativo) e com um extrato hidrolisado pela via ácida (controle positivo). O teor de IA após hidrólise enzimática foi estatisticamente semelhante ao controle positivo. No entanto, o processo de fermentação não permitiu completa hidrólise das isoflavonas, sendo necessária a realização de um processo adicional de hidrólise ácida ao final do processo fermentativo. Todos os extratos hidrolisados, ou seja, os obtidos pelas vias ácida, enzimática, fermentativa, fermentativa+ácida, foram avaliados quanto à presença ou ausência de açúcares, compostos furânicos, triterpenos e saponinas. Além disso, todos passaram por processo de partição líquido-líquido com acetato de etila para obtenção de diferentes frações. A fração que apresentou maior pureza e que foi considerada a mais promissora para escalonamento de produção foi obtida após partição do extrato de soja hidrolisado pela via enzimática. Essa fração foi avaliada quanto ao seu potencial in vitro de proliferação de queratinócitos (HaCaT). Após 48 h de tratamento celular, os resultados demonstraram que a fração na concentração de 0,1 μg de IA/mL foi considerada não citotóxica para as células e apresentou promissora atividade proliferativa de queratinócitos. Desta forma, tal fração foi escolhida para ser incorporada em nanoemulsões visando uma futura aplicação tópica durante processos regenerativos de tecidos cutâneos. As formulações foram espessadas, ou não, até hidrogéis de ácido hialurônico. Por fim, foi realizada a avaliação da capacidade de permeação/retenção cutânea das IA a partir das formulações utilizando modelo experimental in vitro com pele de orelha suína. Tanto as nanoemulsões quanto os hidrogéis demonstraram ser promissores sistemas de liberação das IA na pele, aumentando sua retenção em camadas cutâneas consideradas importantes para exercerem seus efeitos benéficos.Isoflavones are phenolic compounds that promote several benefic effects on the skin. In soybeans, these substances are present in different chemical conformations, mostly as glycoside conjugates. However, the beneficial activities are mainly credited to their aglycone forms. The main goal of this study was the production of an isoflavone aglycone-rich fraction to be incorportated into topical products intended to increase the skin retention of isoflavone aglycones (IA). For that, firstly it was performed a soybean extraction in a hydroethanolic media followed by a classical hydrolysis procedure (acid hydrolysis) to breakdown the conjugated forms until their respective aglycones. To analyze the obtained extract, an ultra-fast liquid chromatography method was developed and validated. The method showed to be specific, linear, precise, robust and accurate for quantification of daidzein, glycitein and genistein, as well as for hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF), the main impurities present in the acid hydrolyzed extract. Besides, the method was concomitantly validated for determination of IA in different analytical and bioanalytical matrices during development of topical products and permeation/retention assays. Due to the well-documented toxicity of HMF, this study also investigated in vitro the genotoxic and mutagenic potential of EMF, a sugar degradation product formed after acid hydrolysis of soybean extract. EMF showed to be genotoxic for HepG2 cells at concentrations very close to those present in the extract. So, alternative hydrolysis methods were carried out aiming to obtain the IA from soybeans without the presence of HMF and EMF, and thus facilitating the processes of purification until new IA-rich fractions. For that, procedures with more selectivity properties were accomplished, such as enzymatic hydrolysis with β-glucosidase and fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These methods were firstly evaluated by a Plackett-Burman design, to screen the main factors that could be influencing during the hydrolysis of isoflavones present in soybean extract. Further, the methods were optimized by Box-Behnken design. It is important to highpoint that the processes were always carried out with a sample corresponding to the extracted from 1.0 g of defatted soybeans. The highest IA content was achieved under the optimal conditions: enzymatic hydrolysis with 838 units of β-glucosidase, during 4.5 h at pH 6.0 and 37 ºC, or fermentative process with 1500 mg of commercial bakery yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) during 24 h at pH 7.6 and 33 ºC. The extracts were investigated to evaluate the IA content, and the results were always compared with a non-hydrolyzed extract (negative control) and with an acid hydrolyzed extract (positive control). The IA amount after enzymatic hydrolysis was statistically similar than positive control. However, the fermentation did not hydrolyze completely the isoflavones, being necessary an additional acid hydrolysis at end of fermentative process. The extracts obtained by acid, enzymatic, fermentative and fermentative+acid processes were investigated to analyze the presence or absence of sugars, furanic compounds, triterpenes and saponins. Besides, all of them were partitioned with ethyl acetate to obtain IA-rich fractions. The most pure and easily achieved fraction was the one obtained from enzymatic hydrolyzed extract. This fraction was examined to explore its in vitro proliferation ability in keratinocytes cells (HaCaT). After 48 h of cellular treatment, the results showed that the fraction at 0,1 μg de IA/mL was considered non-cytotoxic for cells, and showed a promising proliferative activity. Therefore, this fraction was chosen to be incorporated in nanoemulsions viewing a future topic application during regenerative processes of skin. Moreover, the formulations were thickened, or not, until hyaluronic acid hydrogels. Lastly, it was performed the skin permeation/retention evaluation for IA from formulations using an in vitro experimental model with porcine ear skin. Both nanoemulsions and hydrogels were considered as promisor delivery systems for IA, increasing their retention in skin layers (epidermis and dermis)

    Isoflavone aglycones-rich fraction from soybeans (Glycine max) : technological, physicochemical, analytical and skin permeation studies

    No full text
    Isoflavonas são substâncias fenólicas conhecidas por promoverem diversos efeitos benéficos à pele. Na soja, esses compostos são essencialmente encontrados nas formas glicosiladas. No entanto, as atividades biológicas são principalmente relacionadas com as suas formas agliconas. A presente tese teve como principal objetivo a obtenção de uma fração enriquecida em isoflavonas agliconas e a sua incorporação em formulações tópicas visando o aumento da retenção cutânea de tais compostos. Para tanto, foi realizada primeiramente a extração de soja em meio hidroetanólico seguida de processo clássico hidrolítico (hidrólise ácida) para obtenção das formas livres das isoflavonas. O extrato obtido foi avaliado por um método cromatográfico de ultraeficiência, o qual foi desenvolvido e validado para a determinação quantitativa das isoflavonas agliconas (IA), bem como para avaliação das principais impurezas furânicas formadas. O método mostrou-se específico, linear, preciso, robusto e exato para a quantificação das IA daidzeína, gliciteína e genisteína, e para a quantificação das impurezas hidroximetilfurfural (HMF) e etoximetilfurfural (EMF). Além disso, o método foi concomitantemente validado para a quantificação das IA em diferentes matrizes analíticas e bioanalíticas visando estudos de desenvolvimento de produtos tópicos e estudos de permeação/retenção cutânea. Devido à toxicidade relatada na literatura para o HMF, o presente estudo investigou in vitro o potencial genotóxico e mutagênico do EMF, principal impureza formada após degradação ácida dos açúcares presentes no extrato hidroetanólico de soja. O EMF apresentou potencial genotóxico em linhagem celular do tipo HepG2 nas concentrações próximas ao teor encontrado no extrato. Devido a isso, foi realizada uma investigação de métodos alternativos ao da hidrólise ácida visando à obtenção das IA da soja sem a presença de HMF e EMF, e facilitando, desta forma, os processos de purificação até uma fração enriquecida em IA. Para tanto, foram realizadas otimizações de processos hidrolíticos mais seletivos, tais como hidrólise enzimática com β-glicosidase e fermentação com Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Os processos foram primeiramente avaliados por desenho experimental de Plackett-Burman para determinação dos principais fatores que podem influenciar durante os bioprocessos hidrolíticos. Posteriormente, os métodos foram otimizados por meio de desenho experimental de Box-Behnken. Destaca-se que os processos foram realizados com um extrato equivalente ao extraído de 1,0 g de soja desengordurada. Para o método enzimático, as condições ótimas de processo compreenderam 838 unidades de β-glicosidase, em pH 6.0, durante 4,5 h à 37 ºC. Para o método fermentativo, as condições ótimas de processo hidrolítico compreenderam 1500 mg de fermento comercial contendo Saccharomyces cerevisiae, em pH 7.6, durante 24 h à 33 ºC. Os extratos foram avaliados quanto ao teor de IA, sempre realizando a sua comparação com um extrato não hidrolisado (controle negativo) e com um extrato hidrolisado pela via ácida (controle positivo). O teor de IA após hidrólise enzimática foi estatisticamente semelhante ao controle positivo. No entanto, o processo de fermentação não permitiu completa hidrólise das isoflavonas, sendo necessária a realização de um processo adicional de hidrólise ácida ao final do processo fermentativo. Todos os extratos hidrolisados, ou seja, os obtidos pelas vias ácida, enzimática, fermentativa, fermentativa+ácida, foram avaliados quanto à presença ou ausência de açúcares, compostos furânicos, triterpenos e saponinas. Além disso, todos passaram por processo de partição líquido-líquido com acetato de etila para obtenção de diferentes frações. A fração que apresentou maior pureza e que foi considerada a mais promissora para escalonamento de produção foi obtida após partição do extrato de soja hidrolisado pela via enzimática. Essa fração foi avaliada quanto ao seu potencial in vitro de proliferação de queratinócitos (HaCaT). Após 48 h de tratamento celular, os resultados demonstraram que a fração na concentração de 0,1 μg de IA/mL foi considerada não citotóxica para as células e apresentou promissora atividade proliferativa de queratinócitos. Desta forma, tal fração foi escolhida para ser incorporada em nanoemulsões visando uma futura aplicação tópica durante processos regenerativos de tecidos cutâneos. As formulações foram espessadas, ou não, até hidrogéis de ácido hialurônico. Por fim, foi realizada a avaliação da capacidade de permeação/retenção cutânea das IA a partir das formulações utilizando modelo experimental in vitro com pele de orelha suína. Tanto as nanoemulsões quanto os hidrogéis demonstraram ser promissores sistemas de liberação das IA na pele, aumentando sua retenção em camadas cutâneas consideradas importantes para exercerem seus efeitos benéficos.Isoflavones are phenolic compounds that promote several benefic effects on the skin. In soybeans, these substances are present in different chemical conformations, mostly as glycoside conjugates. However, the beneficial activities are mainly credited to their aglycone forms. The main goal of this study was the production of an isoflavone aglycone-rich fraction to be incorportated into topical products intended to increase the skin retention of isoflavone aglycones (IA). For that, firstly it was performed a soybean extraction in a hydroethanolic media followed by a classical hydrolysis procedure (acid hydrolysis) to breakdown the conjugated forms until their respective aglycones. To analyze the obtained extract, an ultra-fast liquid chromatography method was developed and validated. The method showed to be specific, linear, precise, robust and accurate for quantification of daidzein, glycitein and genistein, as well as for hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF), the main impurities present in the acid hydrolyzed extract. Besides, the method was concomitantly validated for determination of IA in different analytical and bioanalytical matrices during development of topical products and permeation/retention assays. Due to the well-documented toxicity of HMF, this study also investigated in vitro the genotoxic and mutagenic potential of EMF, a sugar degradation product formed after acid hydrolysis of soybean extract. EMF showed to be genotoxic for HepG2 cells at concentrations very close to those present in the extract. So, alternative hydrolysis methods were carried out aiming to obtain the IA from soybeans without the presence of HMF and EMF, and thus facilitating the processes of purification until new IA-rich fractions. For that, procedures with more selectivity properties were accomplished, such as enzymatic hydrolysis with β-glucosidase and fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These methods were firstly evaluated by a Plackett-Burman design, to screen the main factors that could be influencing during the hydrolysis of isoflavones present in soybean extract. Further, the methods were optimized by Box-Behnken design. It is important to highpoint that the processes were always carried out with a sample corresponding to the extracted from 1.0 g of defatted soybeans. The highest IA content was achieved under the optimal conditions: enzymatic hydrolysis with 838 units of β-glucosidase, during 4.5 h at pH 6.0 and 37 ºC, or fermentative process with 1500 mg of commercial bakery yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) during 24 h at pH 7.6 and 33 ºC. The extracts were investigated to evaluate the IA content, and the results were always compared with a non-hydrolyzed extract (negative control) and with an acid hydrolyzed extract (positive control). The IA amount after enzymatic hydrolysis was statistically similar than positive control. However, the fermentation did not hydrolyze completely the isoflavones, being necessary an additional acid hydrolysis at end of fermentative process. The extracts obtained by acid, enzymatic, fermentative and fermentative+acid processes were investigated to analyze the presence or absence of sugars, furanic compounds, triterpenes and saponins. Besides, all of them were partitioned with ethyl acetate to obtain IA-rich fractions. The most pure and easily achieved fraction was the one obtained from enzymatic hydrolyzed extract. This fraction was examined to explore its in vitro proliferation ability in keratinocytes cells (HaCaT). After 48 h of cellular treatment, the results showed that the fraction at 0,1 μg de IA/mL was considered non-cytotoxic for cells, and showed a promising proliferative activity. Therefore, this fraction was chosen to be incorporated in nanoemulsions viewing a future topic application during regenerative processes of skin. Moreover, the formulations were thickened, or not, until hyaluronic acid hydrogels. Lastly, it was performed the skin permeation/retention evaluation for IA from formulations using an in vitro experimental model with porcine ear skin. Both nanoemulsions and hydrogels were considered as promisor delivery systems for IA, increasing their retention in skin layers (epidermis and dermis)

    Purification processes of soybeans : production of an isoflavone-rich fraction for incorporation into topical nanoemulsions and isolation of furanic derivatives

    No full text
    As isoflavonas são compostos fenólicos presentes em algumas leguminosas, encontradas em maior quantidade nas sementes da soja. Estas substâncias apresentam diversas ações benéficas sobre a pele, estando estas atribuídas principalmente as suas formas agliconas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou a obtenção de uma fração enriquecida em isoflavonas agliconas (FIA) visando incorporação em nanoemulsões (NE) para aplicação tópica. Complementarmente, o trabalho objetivou o isolamento e identificação de dois compostos majoritários em relação às isoflavonas observados durante uma das etapas de obtenção da FIA. Para obtenção das isoflavonas agliconas (IA), diversas etapas e condições extrativas foram avaliadas. Com isso, foi possível obtenção de uma FIA com elevado grau de pureza (92%). As NE contendo FIA foram produzidas e as gotículas apresentaram tamanho nanométrico, índice de polidispersão baixo e potencial zeta considerado satisfatório. A retenção cutânea das IA a partir das NE foi demonstrada em pele suína por experimento in vitro em células de difusão tipo Franz, confirmando viabilidade da formulação para aplicação tópica. Os compostos majoritários e desconhecidos formados durante o processo de hidrólise do extrato de soja foram identificados como 5-hidroximetilfurfural (HMF) e 5-etoximetil-2-furfural (EMF), sendo o último relatado pela primeira vez na soja. Ambos são derivados dos açúcares em condições extremas de pH, classificados como derivados furânicos, com grande importância no setor de biocombustíveis.Isoflavones are phenolic compounds found in several leguminous, mainly in soybean seeds. These compounds have beneficial actions on the skin, being largely attributed to their aglycone forms. In this context, the present study aimed to obtain an isoflavone aglycone-rich fraction (IAF), intended to be incorporated into topical nanoemulsions (NE). In addition, the study aimed to isolate and identify two major unknown compounds formed during the steps of the IAF production. To obtain the isoflavone aglycones (IA) from soybeans, several steps and conditions were performed. Thus, it was possible to obtain an IAF with high purity (92%). The IAF-loaded NE were produced and the main physicochemical properties were evaluated, showing a nanometric droplet size with low polydispersity index and satisfactory ζ-potential. The skin retention of IA from NE was demonstrated by porcine ear skin mounted in Franz diffusion cells, confirming the viability of the formulation for topical application. The majority and unknown compounds formed during the acid hydrolysis of soybean extract have been identified as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 5-ethoxymethyl-2-furfural (EMF), the latter being reported for the first time in soybeans. Both are derived from sugars, classified as furanic derivatives, with great importance in the field of biofuels

    Validation of a green spectrophotometric method for the determination of dropropizine in commercial oral solutions

    No full text
    The present work describes a first-order derivative spectrophotometric (1D-UV) method for determination of dropropizine in commercial oral solutions. The method was developed using ecologically correct solvents and validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) recommendations. The response was linear in the concentration range of 6–24 μg/mL (r = 0.9997, n = 7) at wavelength 249 nm, which was the zero crossing point of excipient solutions. The detection and quantitation limits were 0.36 and 1.18 μg/mL, respectively. The method showed adequate precision, with a relative standard deviation values lower than 1.41%. Excellent values of accuracy were obtained, with a mean value of 99.44%. The method proved to be robust by a full factorial design evaluation. It is simple, it has low cost, and it has low use of polluting reagents. Minimum environmental hazards observed and the results obtained attest to the reliability of the proposed green method, showing to be specific, linear, precise, accurate and robust. Thus, the validated 1D-UV spectrophotometric method was successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of dropropizine in oral solutions dosage forms, helping to improve quality control and to assure therapeutic efficacy
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