Tree community variation in a tropical continental island according to slope aspect and human interference

ABSTRACT Associating description of unrecorded tropical tree community structure to sampling approaches that can help determine mechanisms behind floristic variation is important to further the comprehension of how plant species coexist at tropical forests. Thus, this study had the goals of (i) evaluating tree community structure on the continental island of Marambaia (23°4’37.09”S; 43°59’2.15”W) and (ii) testing the prediction that there are local scale changes in a tropical tree community structure between slopes facing different geographic orientation and with distinct human interference history. We established 60 (0.6 ha) sampling units in three different slope sites with distinct predominant geographic orientation and human interference. We sampled all woody trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥ 5 cm. We found a total of 1.170 individuals representing 220 species, 120 genera and 50 families. The overall tree community structure and structural descriptors (abundance of individuals, basal area, species richness and diversity) varied extensively between the sites. The evidence presented here supports that local scale topography variations and human interference history can be important factors contributing to the known floristic heterogeneity of the Atlantic Rainforest. Future work on the study area should focus on disentangling effects from distinct causal factors over tree community variation and species occurrence

Molecular diversity of serial Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from AIDS patients in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Despite highly active anti-retroviral therapy, cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is the second most prevalent neurological disease in Brazilian AIDS patients, being frequently a defining condition with several episodes. As knowledge of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates in the same episode is critical for understanding why some patients develop several episodes, we investigated the genotype characteristics of C. neoformans isolates in two different situations. By pulsed field gel electrophoresis and random amplifield polymorphic DNA analysis, 54 isolates from 12 patients with AIDS and cryptococcosis were analyzed. Group 1 comprised 39 isolates from nine patients with a single episode and hospitalization. Group 2 comprised 15 isolates from three patients with two episodes and hospitalizations. Except for three patients from group 1 probably infected with a single C. neoformans isolate, the other nine patients probably were infected with multiple isolates selected in different collection periods, or the infecting isolate might have underwent mutation to adapt and survive the host immune system and/or the antifungal therapy. However, the three patients from group 2 presented genetic diversity among isolates collected in both hospitalizations, possibly having hosted the initial isolate in both periods. These data, emphasize that Cryptococcus diversity in infection can contribute to strategies of treatment and prevention of cryptococcosis

Could fungicides lead to azole drug resistance in a cross-resistance manner among environmental cryptococcus strains?

Acquired resistance among fungal strains is a growing concern. The reasons for the emergence of this phenomenon, with great clinical implications, are only partially explained and related to the frequent use of fluconazole prophylaxis or therapeutic regimens in medical practice, and evidence of environmental origin of resistance is warranted. Soil exposed to azole fungicides may select acquired resistant fungal strains and improve the proliferation and maintenance of phenotypes in this environment. So far, the greatest focus on cross-resistance in relation to azoles is with genus Aspergillus. In view of fungicides and drugs present similar triazole chemical structure and mechanisms of action, our results showed that fungicides in agricultural areas may decrease fungal sensibility to azole drugs, becoming a potential source of resistance for invasive human mycoses agents. The abusive usage of fungicide in agriculture could play a role in the therapeutic failure of cryptococcosis14914FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP2013/07221-

Conhecimento e uso da medicina alternativa entre alunos e professores de primeiro grau Knowledge and use of alternative medicine by elementary school children and teachers

Como parte de um Projeto de Educação em Saúde, investigou-se o conhecimento e como são utilizadas as práticas populares de cura, de modo a desenvolver e ampliar na escola, as possibilidades já existentes de discussão crítica e construtiva dentro do programa de saúde. Espera-se com isso poder resgatar saberes e valorizar esse conhecimento não sistematizado, presente na prática das populações ainda de forma marginalizada e controvertida. Foram aplicados questionários entre 110 professores e 162 alunos das 1ª à 4ª séries do 1&deg; grau de quatro escolas (P.L.S.L., P.H.A., P.A.M.M. e A.M.G.) da periferia de Belo Horizonte. Sendo que, as questões apresentadas foram respondidas somente por 105 docentes. Vinte e três (32,4%) (entre 71 (67,6%)) acreditam em dons especiais de cura; dos 105 (95,4%) que responderam sobre se acham que certas doenças podem ser tratadas com remédios caseiros, somente 69 (65,7%) acreditam que sim; 54 (78,3%) dentre esses, associaram a cura da doença com a planta medicinal e 15 (21,7%) indicam o remédio sem associação com a doença; 36 (34,3%) professores citaram a doença sem relacionar as ervas medicinais. Já, 101 (62,3%) alunos acreditam que os remédios caseiros são positivos para algumas doenças. Entre os alunos e professores foram mencionadas doenças diversas, sintomas e órgãos que podem ser curados por plantas medicinais, rezas ou benzedeiras. Um pouco mais de 50% dos dois grupos de alunos (1ª, 2ª, 3ª e 4ª séries) vivem entre famílias que procuram benzedeiras como alternativa de cura. Foram indicadas pelos professores e alunos mais de 50 plantas ou composições de partes de plantas. Conclui-se, que a medicina alternativa é conhecida e utilizada pela amostra estudada.<br>The knowledge and use of popular cures was investigated as part of health education project in such a way as to develop and expand the existing possibilities for critical and constructive discussion in the school within the health program. It was hoped that this would result in the retrieval and in an increase in the value attributed to information concerning this nonsystematized knowledge present in a controversial and poorly accepted form In the practices of the population. One hundred and five teachers and 162 students of the 1st to 4th grades of the four primary schools on the outskirts of Belo Horizonte were interviewed. One hundred and five of the teachers answered the questions put. Twenty-three (32,4%) of the teachers said they believed in special cures, 69 (65,7%) thought that certain diseases could be treated with homemade remedies for these, 54 (78.3%) were able to associate a particular disease whit a particular medicinal plant and 15 (21.7%) prescribed a treatment without any association with a particular disease, 36 (34.3%) cited a disease without relating this to a particular herb. One hundred and one (62,3%) of the students believed that homemade remedies are effective for certain diseases. Amongst the teachers and students various diseases were mentioned as well as different symptoms and organs that can be cured by medicinal plants, roots or traditional healers. A little more than 50% of the two groups of students (1st and 2nd grade, 3rd and 4th grade) live in families who make use of traditional healers to provide alternative cures. More than 36 plants or preparations of parts of plants were indicated by the teachers and students. It is conclude that these individuals possess knowledge of and do in fact make use of alternative medicine

Edu Lobo e Carlos Lyra: O Nacional e o Popular na Canção de Protesto (Os Anos 60)

Trata-se de um estudo sobre as possíveis conexões entre a canção de protesto (Edu Lobo, Carlos Lyra) e os discursos do CPC durante os anos 60. As criações artísticas são analisadas com vistas a captar os vínculos entre o nacional-popular na canção brasileira e o impressionismo (C. Debussy), o cool-jazz (Miles Davis), Rodgers and Hart, Heitor Villa-Lobos (modernismo), Waldemar Henrique.<br>This is a study if the possible connections between the protest song (Edu Lobo, Carlos Lyra) and the CPC discourses in the 1960s. The artistics creations are analysed with a view to pointing out the ties between the national-popular in Brazilian song and the impressionism (C. Debussy), the cool-jazz (Miles Davis), Rodgers and Hart, Heitor Villa-Lobos (modernism), Waldemar Henrique