635 research outputs found

    Holes and cracks in rigid foam films

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    The classical problem of foam film rupture dynamics has been investigated when surfaces exhibit very high rigidity due to the presence of specific surfactants. Two new features are reported. First a strong deviation to the well-known Taylor-Culick law is observed. Then, crack-like patterns can be visualized in the film; these patterns are shown to appear at a well defined deformation. The key role of surface active material on these features is quantitatively investigated, pointing the importance of surface elasticity to describe these fast dynamical processes, and thus providing an alternative tool to characterize surface elasticity in conditions extremely far from equilibrium. The origin of the cracks and their consequences on film rupturing dynamics are also discussed

    Apc mutation induces resistance of colonic cells to lipoperoxide-triggered apoptosis induced by faecal water from haem-fed rats

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    Recent epidemiological studies suggest that high meat intake is associated with promotion of colon cancer linked to haem-iron intake. We previously reported that dietary haem, in the form of either haemoglobin or meat, promotes precancerous lesions in the colon of rats given a low-calcium diet. The mechanism of promotion by haem is not known, but is associated with increased lipid peroxidation in faecal water and strong cytotoxic activity of faecal water on a cancerous mouse colonic epithelial cell line. To better understand the involvement of faecal water components of haem-fed rats in colon cancer promotion, we explored the effect of faecal water on normal (Apc +/+) or premalignant cells (Apc Min/+). Further, we tested if this effect was correlated to lipoperoxidation and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). We show here for the first time that heterozygote Apc mutation represents a strong selective advantage, via resistance to apoptosis induction (caspase 3 pathway), for colonic cells exposed to a haem-iron induced lipoperoxidation. The fact that HNE treatment of the cells provoked the same effects as the faecal water of rats fed the haem-rich diet suggests that this compound triggers apoptosis in those cells. We propose that this mechanism could be involved in the promotion of colon carcinogenesis by haem in vivo

    Vieillissement et temporalités sociales (Une comparaison France Québec)

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    Cette thèse porte sur la réorganisation des temporalités sociales à l heure de la retraite. Elle est conduite dans une perspective comparative entre la France et le Québec. D un point de vue théorique, nous avons inscrit l étude du processus de re-structuration des temporalités sociales au moment de la retraite dans une double perspective : celle des temporalités sociales et celle du parcours de vie. Ainsi, certains retraités disposent d un horizon temporel plus long et procèdent à une restructuration choisie de leurs différentes temporalités sociales. D un point de vue méthodologique, nous avons eu recours à une stratégie comparée entre la France et le Québec, à un matériau de type qualitatif composé de trois corpus d entretiens et à la méthode des budgets-temps. La recherche a permis de montrer l existence de quatre types d agencements des temporalités sociales à la retraite. Cette typologie a été éclairée à partir du parcours de vie antérieur et des modalités de transition travail-retraite. Un focus sur les significations du vieillir a été également développé révélant plusieurs positionnements des enquêtés par rapport au statut de retraité. Cette étude a aussi permis d identifier les interactions entre le niveau macrosociologique et microsociologique et la présence de cloisonnement ou de décloisonnement des temporalités sociales sur le parcours de vie et plus spécifiquement à la retraite. Deux temporalités sociales ont particulièrement été étudiées : celle du bénévolat et celle du travail à la retraite. Pour chacune nous avons mis en exergue l influence des cadres collectifs sur la possibilité de combiner plusieurs temporalités sociales au temps de la retraite. Nous avons poursuivi en analysant les spécificités du bénévolat et du travail à la retraite en France et au Québec au niveau individuel. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence l impact des politiques publiques sur les pratiques individuelles des retraités. Cet impact se traduit par des agencements particuliers des temporalités sociales pour les retraités bénévoles comme pour les retraités cumulant emploi et retraite dans les deux contextes choisis.Pas de résumé en anglaisPARIS5-Bibliotheque electronique (751069902) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Modélisation de propagation de fissure par un processus markovien déterministe par morceaux

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    National audienceOn s'intéresse à un modèle de propagation de fissures fondé sur la loi déterministe de Paris-Erdogan

    Films de savons rigides : dynamique de rupture

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    L’éclatement d’un film de savon, dont les premières études remontent au début du XXe siècle, est généralement décrit par la compétition entre l’inertie du liquide mis en mouvement et la tension de surface d’équilibre, responsable de l’ouverture du trou [1, 2, 3]. D’un autre côté, dans les films de savon ou les mousses, qui sont des assemblées de films, plusieurs phénomènes dynamiques comme le drainage [4] ou la rhéologie [5] dépendent de façon cruciale de la nature des molécules tensioactives, qui peuvent rigidifier les interfaces liquide-gaz. Nous étudions ici l’éclatement d’un film de liquide contenant un mélange de tensioactifs réputé pour sa grande élasticité inter faciale [6]. Dans ce cas, nous montrons que les tensioactifs sont responsables d’un ralentissement de la dynamique d’ouverture par rapport à la loi classique de Taylor-Culick. Cette dynamique est pilotée par la compétition entre l’inertie et l’élasticité de surface que nous contrôlons. De façon similaire à ce que l’on observe pour une membrane élastique solide, pour de grandes compressions, la rigidité des interfaces conduit à la formation de motifs localisés, comparables à des plis ou des fractures. Nous montrons que l’apparition de ces motifs s’accompagne d’une modification de la dynamique d’ouverture

    Modèle probabiliste de propagation de fissures de fatigue

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    Le caractère aléatoire de la propagation des fissures de fatigue conduit à l'utilisation de modèles probabilistes . Nous proposons, en utilisant la loi de Paris et à partir des données de Virkler, de comparer deux modélisations différentes : un modèle des paramètres m et C de la loi de Paris et un modèle de cette propagation par un processus markovien déterministe par morceaux (PDMP) avec un seul saut. Les résultats montrent que globalement le modèle PDMP donne de meilleurs résultats pour prédire le comportement d'une fissure à partir des premières mesures de sa propagation

    Test de la vraisemblance entre deux motifs de points

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    Test de la vraisemblance entre deux motifs de point

    Unraveling corynebacterial divisome composition by proximity labeling in the living cell

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    Bacterial cell division is directed by the divisome, a protein complex whose assembly begins with the polymerization of FtsZ at midcell to form a ring (Z-ring) This structure participates in the recruitment of other divisome proteins, that in the case of the model bacilli (Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis) have been identified and characterized. However, the order Corynebacteriales (that includes important human pathogens as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae) lacks recognizable homologues for many of these cell division proteins, and the ones fulfilling these missing functions are yet to be identified. To identify the unknown pieces of the corynebacterial divisome, we developed and optimized a proteomic strategy based on proximity biotinylation in the living cell, using Corynebacterium glutamicum as a model organism. We generated a strain expressing FtsZ fused to an engineered ascorbate peroxidase (APEX2). APEX2 catalyzes the oxidation of phenol biotin in the presence of H2O2 giving rise to a radical that reacts with amino acids of nearby proteins. This allowed us to label the proteomic environment of FtsZ in the living cell, and its purification and identification by Mass Spectrometry. We corroborated that APEX2 is active in the biochemical background of C. glutamicum, and optimized the labelling strategy to guarantee the identification of physiologically relevant FtsZ neighbours. We identified a confident list of 253 FtsZ neighbors, that includes known cell division proteins as well as an important number of non-characterized proteins, which represents putative new divisome components. We focused on hypothetical membrane proteins, that might mediate membrane anchor of the Z-ring, as most of the proteins fulfilling this role in E. coli and B. subtilis are not present in corynebacterial genomes. We generate strains expressing the selected candidates fused to a fluorescent proof to evaluate their subcellular localization and their interaction with FtsZ. The results allowed us to identify new conserved membrane bound components of the corynebacterial divisome. Their precise role in cell division, the molecular details of its interaction with the Z-ring and its regulation by protein phosphorylation are being studied.Agencia Nacinal de InvestigaciĂłn e InnovaciĂłnECOS-Sud France-Uruguay U20B0

    The Cellular Prion Protein PrPc Is Involved in the Proliferation of Epithelial Cells and in the Distribution of Junction-Associated Proteins

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    BACKGROUND: The physiological function of the ubiquitous cellular prion protein, PrP(c), is still under debate. It was essentially studied in nervous system, but poorly investigated in epithelial cells. We previously reported that PrP(c) is targeted to cell-cell junctions of polarized epithelial cells, where it interacts with c-Src. METHODOLOGY/FINDINGS: We show here that, in cultured human enterocytes and in intestine in vivo, the mature PrP(c) is differentially targeted either to the nucleus in dividing cells or to cell-cell contacts in polarized/differentiated cells. By proteomic analysis, we demonstrate that the junctional PrP(c) interacts with cytoskeleton-associated proteins, such as gamma- and beta-actin, alpha-spectrin, annexin A2, and with the desmosome-associated proteins desmoglein, plakoglobin and desmoplakin. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed complexes associating PrP(c), desmoglein and c-Src in raft domains. Through siRNA strategy, we show that PrP(c) is necessary to complete the process of epithelial cell proliferation and for the sub-cellular distribution of proteins involved in cell architecture and junctions. Moreover, analysis of the architecture of the intestinal epithelium of PrP(c) knock-out mice revealed a net decrease in the size of desmosomal junctions and, without change in the amount of BrdU incorporation, a shortening of the length of intestinal villi. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: From these results, PrP(c) could be considered as a new partner involved in the balance between proliferation and polarization/differentiation in epithelial cells

    Evidence of coat color variation sheds new light on ancient canids.

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    International audienceWe have used a paleogenetics approach to investigate the genetic landscape of coat color variation in ancient Eurasian dog and wolf populations. We amplified DNA fragments of two genes controlling coat color, Mc1r (Melanocortin 1 Receptor) and CBD103 (canine-β-defensin), in respectively 15 and 19 ancient canids (dogs and wolf morphotypes) from 14 different archeological sites, throughout Asia and Europe spanning from ca. 12 000 B.P. (end of Upper Palaeolithic) to ca. 4000 B.P. (Bronze Age). We provide evidence of a new variant (R301C) of the Melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r) and highlight the presence of the beta-defensin melanistic mutation (CDB103-K locus) on ancient DNA from dog-and wolf-morphotype specimens. We show that the dominant K(B) allele (CBD103), which causes melanism, and R301C (Mc1r), the variant that may cause light hair color, are present as early as the beginning of the Holocene, over 10 000 years ago. These results underline the genetic diversity of prehistoric dogs. This diversity may have partly stemmed not only from the wolf gene pool captured by domestication but also from mutations very likely linked to the relaxation of natural selection pressure occurring in-line with this process
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