8 research outputs found

    Répercussions actuelles et futures du changement climatique sur les communautés benthiques dans l'Arctique Canadien

    Get PDF
    L’ocĂ©an Arctique est une des rĂ©gions les plus touchĂ©es par les changements climatiques. Une importante augmentation de la tempĂ©rature de ses eaux de surfaces et des prĂ©cipitations y est attendue, entrainant une perte significative du couvert de glace et une augmentation des activitĂ©s humaines. Causant des effets sur les paramĂštres physico-chimiques, ces changements devraient directement affecter les producteurs primaires (algues de glace et phytoplancton), et de ce fait limiter l’apport de matiĂšre organique vers les fonds marins. Il est ainsi admis que les changements climatiques affecteraient la distribution, la diversitĂ© et l’abondance des communautĂ©s benthiques, en raison de leur impact sur les paramĂštres environnementaux (couplage pĂ©lago-benthique et paramĂštres physico-chimiques), mais Ă©galement sur les services et fonctions Ă©cosystĂ©miques (par exemple la reminĂ©ralisation benthique). La diminution de l’étendue et de l’épaisseur de la glace de mer, la dĂ©salinisation des eaux de surface ou bien encore l’augmentation du trafic maritime dans les rĂ©gions de la Baie d’Hudson et de l’est de l’Arctique Canadien, sont susceptibles d’ĂȘtre Ă  l’origine de grands changements dans la structure des communautĂ©s benthiques et des habitats Ă  structures biogĂ©niques. Les impacts des changements climatiques sur les Ă©cosystĂšmes benthiques arctiques Ă©tant jusqu’alors peu connus, les objectifs de cette thĂšse Ă©taient de i) d’apporter une description plus complĂšte et actualisĂ©e de la diversitĂ© et la distribution spatiale des communautĂ©s benthiques dans le complexe de la Baie d’Hudson ; ii) de comprendre les effets des changements climatiques sur la biodiversitĂ© et le fonctionnement des Ă©cosystĂšmes benthiques; et iii) d’enrichir les connaissances des Ă©cosystĂšmes benthiques et d’appuyer la dĂ©signation de zones d’intĂ©rĂȘt Ă©cologique et biologique ainsi que des aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es. Les travaux rĂ©alisĂ©s pendant cette thĂšse nous ont permis de i) mettre Ă  jour les donnĂ©es Ă©pibenthiques dans le complexe de la Baie d’Hudson ; ii) aider les gestionnaires dans la mise en place de zones d’importance Ă©cologique et biologique ainsi que de zones d’intĂ©rĂȘts pour une future dĂ©signation d’aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es; et iii) mettre en Ă©vidence l’importance des coraux de bambous en milieu profond sur le fonctionnement de l’écosystĂšme benthique. Un total de 380 taxa a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©nombrĂ© dans 46 stations Ă  travers le complexe de la Baie d’Hudson. MalgrĂ© une relativement faible couverture spatiale de notre Ă©chantillonnage, nous avons Ă©tĂ© en mesure d’estimer que ce recensement reprĂ©sentait 71 % des taxons prĂ©sents dans le complexe de la Baie d’Hudson. Nous avons montrĂ© que la biomasse, l’abondance, la diversitĂ© ainsi que la distribution spatiale des communautĂ©s Ă©pibenthiques Ă©taient fortement influencĂ©es par le substrat, la salinitĂ©, les ressources alimentaires et la couverture de glace. Nous avons aussi pu dĂ©montrer que la faible diversitĂ©, abondance et biomasse des communautĂ©s observĂ©es prĂšs des cĂŽtes Ă©taient causĂ©es par les importants Ă©coulements d’eaux douces. À l’inverse, les donnĂ©es rĂ©coltĂ©es dans les polynies situĂ©es plus au large montrent un fort couplage pĂ©lago-benthique se traduisant par une forte productivitĂ© en termes de biomasse, d’abondance et de diversitĂ©. L’utilisation d’un modĂšle de distribution des communautĂ©s a permis de dĂ©montrer l’importance de la prĂ©sence de glace et indirectement des algues de glace associĂ©es Ă  cet habitat sur les communautĂ©s Ă©pibenthiques occupant le centre de la Baie d’Hudson. La projection des communautĂ©s sous un scĂ©nario climatique RCP4.5 a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que le centre de la Baie ressortait, potentiellement, comme Ă©tant la zone la plus vulnĂ©rable aux changements climatiques puisqu’une perte de diversitĂ© liĂ©e Ă  la diminution de la glace de mer est attendue. À l’inverse, les zones cĂŽtiĂšres pourraient possiblement servir de refuges en augmentant la diversitĂ©. En outre, notre Ă©tude a montrĂ© que la prĂ©sence des structures biogĂ©niques telles que les coraux bambous, dans les habitats profonds, amĂ©liore le piĂ©geage des particules de matiĂšre organique menant Ă  une plus forte densitĂ© d’espĂšces endofauniques dans ces milieux comparativement Ă  des sĂ©diments nus. Cet effet a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© constatĂ© dans la reminĂ©ralisation benthique oĂč les sĂ©diments des structures biogĂ©niques agissaient comme source de nitrates et d’ammonium. En revanche, nos travaux n’ont pu dĂ©montrer ces effets dans un habitat moins profond hĂ©bergeant des Ă©ponges. En gĂ©nĂ©rant de nouvelles connaissances sur la rĂ©partition actuelle et future des communautĂ©s Ă©pibenthiques du complexe de la Baie d’Hudson ainsi que sur le fonctionnement de l’écosystĂšme benthique dans les habitats Ă  structures biogĂ©niques, les rĂ©sultats de cette thĂšse contribueront Ă  dĂ©signer des zones d’importance Ă©cologique et biologique ainsi qu’à la mise en place d’aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es et de stratĂ©gies de conservation de la biodiversitĂ© arctique.The Arctic Ocean is emerging as one of the regions that is most affected by climate change. A significant increase in precipitation and sea surface water temperatures are expected and will undeniably lead to a significant loss of sea ice cover. Because of their effects on physicochemical parameters, these changes are expected to directly impact the surface primary producers (sea ice algae and phytoplankton), thereby limiting organic matter input towards the seafloor. It is thus commonly accepted that climate change will affect the distribution, diversity and abundance of benthic communities, due to its impact on environmental parameters (pelagic-benthic coupling and physicochemical parameters), and on ecosystem services and functions (e.g., benthic remineralization). As a consequence, the decrease in sea ice cover, the desalination of the surface layer or the increase in shipping traffic in the Hudson Bay Complex and in the eastern Canadian Arctic will likely lead to major changes in benthic community structure and biogenic structural habitats. In this context and since the impacts of climate change on benthic arctic ecosystems were still poorly understood, the objectives of this thesis were to i) describe the diversity and distribution of epibenthic communities in the Hudson Bay Complex and ii) understand the effects of climate change on biodiversity and benthic ecosystem functioning. The outcomes of this thesis allowed us to i) provide the most recent survey on epibenthic organisms in the Hudson Bay Complex and their relationships with environmental variables; ii) identify diversity hotspots sensitive to climate change; and iii) document and compare benthic biodiversity and fluxes within biogenic structures and adjacent bare sediments in the Canadian Arctic. A total of 380 taxa have been identified from 46 stations sampled across the Hudson Bay Complex. Despite the relatively low spatial coverage of our sampling, we estimated that our survey represented 71% of the taxa present in the Hudson Bay Complex. We showed that biomass, abundance, diversity and spatial distribution of epibenthic communities were strongly influenced by substrate, salinity, food supply and sea ice cover. We also showed that freshwater inputs were responsible for the lowest biomass, abundance and diversity observed along the coasts. In contrast, data collected from polynyas, further offshore, showed strong pelagic-benthic coupling resulting in high productivity in terms of biomass, abundance and diversity. Moreover, hierarchical modelling of species communities highlighted the influence of sea ice and indirectly of sea ice algae on the epibenthic communities occupying the central Hudson Bay. Projections of the structure of epibenthic communities under a RCP4.5 climate scenario revealed that the central Hudson Bay emerges as the most vulnerable area to climate change with a future diversity loss related to the decrease of sea ice. On the contrary, it would appear that coastal areas will serve as refuges and increase the diversity. In addition, our study showed that the presence of biogenic structures in deep habitats improved the trapping of organic matter, leading to a higher density of infauna in these environments compared to bare sediments. Their presence has also been found to enhance sediment nutrient release in the form of nitrates and ammonium. However, our study could not demonstrate these effects in a shallower sponge habitat. By providing new knowledge on the current and future distribution of epibenthic communities in the Hudson Bay Complex and the benthic ecosystem functioning in habitats with biogenic structures, results obtained during this thesis will contribute to the designation of Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas, as well as to the establishment of Marine Protected Areas and conservation strategies in the Arctic Ocean

    Test de dĂ©ploiement des suivis du compartiment de la macrofaune benthique sur les fonds meubles du plateau via les campagnes halieutiques de l’Ifremer, au titre de la DCSMM

    No full text
    The purpose of the work presented here is the development of routine observations to collect data for the calculation of benthic habitat status indicators. This project is part of the monitoring of offshore circalittoral sedimentary benthic habitats under the MSFD* (sub-program 6). The method for assessing the ecological status of these habitats and the associated monitoring strategy are not yet defined and remain at the research and development stage. The targeted compartment is the benthic macrofauna of circalittoral soft sediment habitats. The study site is located in the Northeast Atlantic in the Bay of Biscay and the southern Celtic Sea. The main objectives of this study are (i) to test in situ the technical feasibility of sampling the offshore benthic compartment with the dredge Rallier du Baty in the context of the EVHOE fisheries survey; (ii) to describe and characterize the benthic macrofauna communities of the Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea areas ; (iii) to propose perspectives in terms of indicators of the state of health of benthic habitats with regard to the pressure of trawling fisheries.L’objet des travaux prĂ©sentĂ©s dans ce rapport est le dĂ©veloppement d’observations de routine pour collecter de la donnĂ©e servant aux calculs des indicateurs d’états des habitats benthiques. Ce projet s'inscrit dans le cadre de la surveillance des habitats benthiques sĂ©dimentaires circalittoraux du large au titre de la DCSMM* (sous-programme 6). La mĂ©thode d'Ă©valuation de l'Ă©tat Ă©cologique de ces habitats et la stratĂ©gie de surveillance associĂ©e, ne sont pas encore dĂ©finis Ă  ce jour et restent au stade de la recherche & du dĂ©veloppement. Le compartiment ciblĂ© est la macrofaune benthique des fonds meubles circalittoraux. Le site d’étude est situĂ© en Atlantique Nord-est dans le golfe de Gascogne et le sud de la mer Celtique. Les principaux objectifs de cette Ă©tude sont (i) de tester in situ la faisabilitĂ© technique d’un Ă©chantillonnage du compartiment benthique au large Ă  la drague Rallier du Baty dans le contexte de la campagne halieutique EVHOE ; (ii) de dĂ©crire et de caractĂ©riser les communautĂ©s de la macrofaune benthique des secteurs Golfe de Gascogne et mer Celtique ; (iii) de proposer des perspectives en matiĂšre d’indicateur d’état de santĂ© des habitats benthiques au regard de la pression par la pĂȘche aux arts trainants

    Structuration de donnĂ©es dans QuadrigeÂČ. Suivi de la macrofaune benthique par drague Rallier du Baty lors de la campagne EVHOE 2019

    No full text
    Des prĂ©lĂšvements de la macrofaune benthique sur les fonds meubles du plateau continental du golfe de Gascogne ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s lors de la campagne halieutique EVHOE 2019 Ă  l'aide d'une drague Rallier du Baty. Les prĂ©lĂšvements effectuĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©s en laboratoire : analyse granulomĂ©trique et dĂ©termination de la faune associĂ©e. Ces donnĂ©es sont bancarisĂ©es dans la base de donnĂ©es QuadrigeÂČ. Ce document expose la maniĂšre dont les donnĂ©es sont structurĂ©es dans la base de donnĂ©es QuadrigeÂČ

    Tracing carbon flow and trophic structure of a coastal Arctic marine food web using highly branched isoprenoids and carbon, nitrogen and sulfur stable isotopes

    No full text
    Climate-driven alterations of the marine environment are most rapid in Arctic and subarctic regions, including Hudson Bay in northern Canada, where declining sea ice, warming surface waters and ocean acidification are occurring at alarming rates. These changes are altering primary production patterns that will ultimately cascade up through the food web. Here, we investigated (i) the vertical trophic structure of the Southampton Island marine ecosystem in northern Hudson Bay, (ii) the contribution of benthic and pelagic-derived prey to the higher trophic level species, and (iii) the relative contribution of ice algae and phytoplankton derived carbon in sustaining this ecosystem. For this purpose, we measured bulk stable carbon, nitrogen and sulfur isotope ratios as well as highly branched isoprenoids in samples belonging to 149 taxa, including invertebrates, fishes, seabirds and marine mammals. We found that the benthic invertebrates occupied 4 trophic levels and that the overall trophic system went up to an average trophic position of 4.8. The average Ύ34S signature of pelagic organisms indicated that they exploit both benthic and pelagic food sources, suggesting there are many interconnections between these compartments in this coastal area. The relatively high sympagic carbon dependence of Arctic marine mammals (53.3 ± 22.2 %) through their consumption of benthic invertebrate prey, confirms the important role of the benthic subweb for sustaining higher trophic level consumers in the coastal pelagic environment. Therefore, a potential decrease in the productivity of ice algae could lead to a profound alteration of the benthic food web and a cascading effect on this Arctic ecosystem

    Persistent headaches one year after bacterial meningitis: prevalence, determinants and impact on quality of life

    No full text
    International audienceBackground: Little is known on headaches long-term persistence after bacterial meningitis and on their impact on patients' quality of life.Methods: In an ancillary study of the French national prospective cohort of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults (COMBAT) conducted between February 2013 and July 2015, we collected self-reported headaches before, at onset, and 12 months (M12) after meningitis. Determinants of persistent headache (PH) at M12, their association with M12 quality of life (SF 12), depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) and neuro-functional disability were analysed.Results: Among the 277 alive patients at M12 87/274 (31.8%), 213/271 (78.6%) and 86/277 (31.0%) reported headaches before, at the onset, and at M12, respectively. In multivariate analysis, female sex (OR: 2.75 [1.54-4.90]; p < 0.001), pre-existing headaches before meningitis (OR: 2.38 [1.32-4.30]; p < 0.01), higher neutrophilic polynuclei percentage in the CSF of the initial lumbar puncture (OR: 1.02 [1.00-1.04]; p < 0.05), and brain abscess during the initial hospitalisation (OR: 8.32 [1.97-35.16]; p < 0.01) were associated with M12 persistent headaches. Neither the responsible microorganism, nor the corticoids use were associated with M12 persistent headaches. M12 neuro-functional disability (altered Glasgow Outcome Scale; p < 0.01), M12 physical handicap (altered modified Rankin score; p < 0.001), M12 depressive symptoms (p < 0.0001), and M12 altered physical (p < 0.05) and mental (p < 0.0001) qualities of life were associated with M12 headaches.Conclusion: Persistent headaches are frequent one year after meningitis and are associated with quality of life alteration

    One-Year Sequelae and Quality of Life in Adults with Meningococcal Meningitis: Lessons from the COMBAT Multicentre Prospective Study

    No full text
    Trial registration: ClinicalTrial.Gov identification number NCT01730690.International audienceIntroduction: COMBAT is a prospective, multicentre cohort study that enrolled consecutive adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis (CABM) in 69 participating centres in France between February 2013 and July 2015 and followed them for 1 year.Methods: Patients aged at least 18 years old, hospitalised with CABM were followed during their hospitalisation and then contacted by phone 12 months after enrolment. Here we present the prevalence of sequelae at 12 months in a subgroup of patients with meningococcal meningitis.Results: Five of the 111 patients with meningococcal meningitis died during initial hospitalisation and two died between discharge and 12 months, leaving 104 patients alive 1 year after enrolment, 71 of whom provided 12-month follow-up data. The median age was 30.0 years and 54.1% of the patients had no identified risk factor for meningitis. More than 30% reported persistent headache, more than 40% were not satisfied with their sleep and 10% had concentration difficulties. Hearing loss was present in about 15% of the patients and more than 30% had depressive symptoms. About 13% of the patients with a previous professional activity had not resumed work. On the SF-12 Health Survey, almost 50% and 30% had physical component or mental component scores lower than the 25th percentile of the score distribution in the French general population. There was a non-significant improvement in the patients' disability scores from hospital discharge to 12 months (p = 0.16), but about 10% of the patients had residual disability.Conclusions: Although most patients in our cohort survive meningococcal meningitis, the long-term burden is substantial and therefore it is important to ensure a prolonged follow-up of survivors and to promote preventive strategies, including vaccination

    Relationship between serotypes, disease characteristics and 30-day mortality in adults with invasive pneumococcal disease

    No full text
    International audienc

    Combined Bacterial Meningitis and Infective Endocarditis: When Should We Search for the Other When Either One is Diagnosed?

    No full text
    Auteurs groupes collaboratifs AEPEI study group & the COMBAT study groupInternational audienc
    corecore