LA LANGUE ET LE DROIT DANS LES RELATIONS COMMERCIALES INTERNATIONALES

The relationship between language and law is clearly apparent in international organizations. More specifically, international commercial relations show a field of analysis still remains wide clearing. The choice of language is very widely, in international trade, depending on the wish of the parties. The question of free choice is central to the study of the relationship between language and law. But the choice of language is often done without consideration of legal risks, particularly the consequences as regards the implementation and interpretation of the contract. The language issue is generally treated only as incidental, accidental, although it is necessary to comply with a certain number of principles, such as the right to fair trial. It is therefore required to consider the difficulty to express with legal language related to national cultures, a uniform law, particularly as regards international trade. Therefore, tools are available to the lawyer. First, techniques of translation and even co-drafting, legal texts must be exploited to serve the objectives of the formulation of the rule of law, particularly when developing a uniform law. It is all the more necessary that international trade law see the emergence of autonomous concepts, initially difficult to define and formulate with the legal system and the national language and thus related to national culture.RESUME : La langue est saisie par le droit en premier lieu dans le cadre des organisations internationales. Plus spécifiquement, les relations internationales en matière commerciale démontrent qu’un champ d’analyse encore vaste reste à défricher. Le choix de la langue est très largement, en matière de commerce international, dépendant de la volonté des parties. La question de l’autonomie de la volonté est donc centrale dans l’étude du lien entre la langue et le droit. Mais le choix de cette langue est souvent fait sans considération des risques linguistiques, et notamment des conséquences en ce qui concerne la mise en œuvre et l’interprétation du contrat. Par ailleurs, les règles concernant l’instance, qu’elle soit étatique ou arbitrale, sont dispersées. La question de la langue n’est de manière générale abordée que de façon accessoire, accidentelle, alors même qu’elle est nécessaire au respect d’un certain nombre de principes, tels que le droit au procès équitable. C’est pourquoi il est nécessaire de réfléchir à la difficulté à exprimer, avec des langues juridiques marquées par les cultures nationales, un droit uniforme, particulièrement en ce qui concerne le commerce international, où le volontarisme étatique trouve moins matière à s’exprimer. Pour cela, des outils sont à la disposition du juriste. En premier lieu, les techniques de traduction, voire de corédaction, des textes juridiques, doivent être exploitées, afin de servir les objectifs de la formulation de la règle de droit, particulièrement lorsqu’il s’agit d’élaborer un droit uniforme. Cela est d’autant plus nécessaire que le droit du commerce international voit l’émergence de concepts autonomes, qu’il sera dans un premier temps difficile à délimiter et à formuler avec l’appareil juridique et linguistique national, marqué par la culture nationale

Does task-related identified regulation moderate the sociometer effect? : a study of performance feedback, perceived inclusion, and state self-esteem

The aim of this study was to understand the processes explaining the effects of private performance feedback (success vs. failure) on state self-esteem from the stance of sociometer theory and self-determination theory. We investigated whether or not the effect of private performance feedback on state self-esteem was mediated by perceived inclusion as a function of participants’ level of task-related identified regulation (i.e., importance of the activity for oneself). Ninety participants were randomly assigned to one of the following three conditions: failure, success, or control. Our regression analyses based on both original and bootstrap samples indicate that perceived inclusion does not mediate the effect of feedback on state self-esteem for individuals high in task-related identified regulation. Such an effect only operates for individuals low in task-related identified regulation. In sum, our results show that the perceived inclusion process proposed by sociometer theory applies more when individuals find that the activity is less important for them (i.e., identified regulation)

The impact of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 depletion on poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity and responses to radiation

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) has been identified as a determinant of sensitivity to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Here, the consequences of its depletion on cell survival, PARP activity, the recruitment of base excision repair (BER) proteins to DNA damage sites, and overall DNA single-strand break (SSB) repair were investigated using isogenic HeLa stably depleted (KD) and Control cell lines. Synthetic lethality achieved by disrupting PARP activity in Cdk5-deficient cells was confirmed, and the Cdk5KD cells were also found to be sensitive to the killing effects of ionizing radiation (IR) but not methyl methanesulfonate or neocarzinostatin. The recruitment profiles of GFP-PARP-1 and XRCC1-YFP to sites of micro-irradiated Cdk5KD cells were slower and reached lower maximum values, while the profile of GFP-PCNA recruitment was faster and attained higher maximum values compared to Control cells. Higher basal, IR, and hydrogen peroxide-induced polymer levels were observed in Cdk5KD compared to Control cells. Recruitment of GFP-PARP-1 in which serines 782, 785, and 786, potential Cdk5 phosphorylation targets, were mutated to alanines in micro-irradiated Control cells was also reduced. We hypothesize that Cdk5-dependent PARP-1 phosphorylation on one or more of these serines results in an attenuation of its ribosylating activity facilitating persistence at DNA damage sites. Despite these deficiencies, Cdk5KD cells are able to effectively repair SSBs probably via the long patch BER pathway, suggesting that the enhanced radiation sensitivity of Cdk5KD cells is due to a role of Cdk5 in other pathways or the altered polymer levels

High resolution NMR studies of metabolism in wild-type and high osmolarity mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

High resolution \sp{13}C NMR was used to study the formation of metabolites from (1-\sp{13}C) -labelled glucose by wild-type and HOG (high osmolarity glycerol response) mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae after transfer to media containing 400 mM NaCl. Time course spectroscopy showed that the major end-products were (2- \sp{13}C) -ethanol, (1-\sp{13}C) -glycerol and in much lower concentration, (2-\sp{13}C) -acetate. High osmolarity increased ethanol, glycerol and acetate production. Additional labeling incorporated in trehalose, glycogen or glutamate was similar in all strains. In contrast to the wild-type, the hog1 mutant decreased glycerol and acetate production in normal and hyperosmotic media, whereas the hog2 mutant only reduced glycerol synthesis under high osmolarity. The decreases in osmolarity-induced glycerol synthesis were quantitatively additive in the hog1 hog2 mutant. Effects of the hog1 and hog2 mutations on yeast fermentation suggest that the HOG1 and HOG2 genes regulate or influence different aspects in fermentation metabolism

ETUDE DES MECANISMES IMPLIQUES DANS LA REPONSE CELLULAIRE PRECOCE AUX RADIATIONS IONISANTES (DOCTORAT (RADIOBIOLOGIE))

LE KREMLIN-B.- PARIS 11-BU Méd (940432101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) is not involved in DNA double-strand break recovery.

BACKGROUND: The cytotoxicity and the rejoining of DNA double-strand breaks induced by gamma-rays, H2O2 and neocarzinostatin, were investigated in normal and PARP-1 knockout mouse 3T3 fibroblasts to determine the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) in DNA double-strand break repair. RESULTS: PARP-1-/- were considerably more sensitive than PARP-1+/+ 3T3s to induced cell kill by gamma-rays and H2O2. However, the two cell lines did not show any significant difference in the susceptibility to neocarzinostatin below 1.5 nM drug. Restoration of PARP-1 expression in PARP-1-/- 3T3s by retroviral transfection of the full PARP-1 cDNA did not induce any change in neocarzinostatin response. Moreover the incidence and the rejoining kinetics of neocarzinostatin-induced DNA double-strand breaks were identical in PARP-1+/+ and PARP-1-/- 3T3s. Poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis following gamma-rays and H2O2 was observed in PARP-1-proficient cells only. In contrast neocarzinostatin, even at supra-lethal concentration, was unable to initiate PARP-1 activation yet it induced H2AX histone phosphorylation in both PARP1+/+ and PARP-1-/- 3T3s as efficiently as gamma-rays and H2O2. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that PARP-1 is not a major determinant of DNA double-strand break recovery with either strand break rejoining or cell survival as an endpoint. Even though both PARP-1 and ATM activation are major determinants of the cell response to gamma-rays and H2O2, data suggest that PARP-1-dependent poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis and ATM-dependent H2AX phosphorylation, are not inter-related in the repair pathway of neocarzinostatin-induced DNA double-strand breaks

Les scripts sexuels des femmes de carrière célibataires dans les téléséries québécoises. Études de cas : Tout sur moi, Les hauts et les bas de Sophie Paquin et C.A.

Dans le contexte d'une recherche portant sur les femmes célibataires à Montréal, l'analyse de trois téléséries québécoises mises en ondes par Radio- Canada ayant comme personnage central une femme de carrière célibataire dans la trentaine (Tout sur moi, Les hauts et les bas de Sophie Paquin et C.A.) a été effectuée afin de dégager les représentations de leur vie sociosexuelle, et ce, à partir du concept d'agentivité sexuelle, de la théorie des scripts de la sexualité et celle des orientations intimes de soi. Les divers scénarios sexuels vécus par les trois personnages, des scripts de rencontre à ceux de rupture, en passant par les types de relations qui y sont rattachés, sont présentés.L'analyse suggère une grande variabilité dans les scripts sexuels féminins et l'adoption de scripts considérés traditionnellement comme masculins : notamment, les femmes prennent souvent l'initiative de la rencontre et des rapports sexuels. Deux des trois personnages féminins étudiés possèdent des caractéristiques d'une orientation intime de soi du type « désir individuel », le troisième personnage présentant une construction de soi du type « réseau sexuel »; cependant, les trois personnages conservent certains aspects d'une orientation intime de soi de la sexualité conjugale. Ces téléséries présentent donc des personnages féminins multipartenaires, sans les confiner dans des rôles de femmes faciles et sans que cet aspect leur porte préjudice, ce qui laisse ainsi suggérer une transformation des représentations de la sexualité des femmes célibataires québécoises.As a part of a larger research project on single women, an analysis was conducted of three television series of Quebec origin whose protagonists were single career women in their thirties (i.e. Tout sur moi, Les hauts et les bas de Sophie Paquin and C.A.). With sexual agency, sexual script theory (Gagnon and Simon 1973) and Bozon's (2001) intimate orientations as a theoretical framework, representations of the women's sexual lives were identified.The female characters adopted a wide variety of female sexual scripts in addition to some typically masculine scripts. Notably, they often initiated encounters and sexual contact. Two of the female characters showed signs of an “individual desire” intimate orientation, while the remaining character's orientation fit the “sexual network” type. Each nevertheless maintained aspects of a “conjugal sexuality” intimate orientation. While these television series present their female protagonist with multiple partners, they do so without confining them to the role of “easy woman” or other stereotypes. These series suggest that representations of the sexuality of single Quebec women are changing

Les médicaments antirétroviraux et le VIH/sida : Entre espoir et scepticisme

Les traitements médicaux pour lutter contre le VIH/sida ont été limités pendant la plus grande partie de l’histoire de l’épidémie marquée par de nombreux décès. Depuis les années 1990, la mise au point de nouveaux médicaments antirétroviraux, sans constituer une cure, ont contribué chez plusieurs à l’amélioration de l’état de santé. Pour d’autres personnes vivant avec le VIH/sida, les effets indésirables des médicaments ont remis en question l’intérêt de ce traitement. Cet article explore, à partir de témoignages de personnes, hommes et femmes, vivant avec le VIH/sida à Montréal, les représentations contradictoires, oscillant entre scepticisme et espoir, entourant l’usage de ces médicaments.The medical treatments to fight HIV/AIDS were limited during most of the history of the epidemic, marked by many deaths. Since the 1990’s, the development of a number of anti-retrovirals, while not constituting a cure, has contributed to better health for many. For others living with HIV/AIDS, the side-effects of these medications have put these treatments into question. This article explores, from interviews of men and women living with HIV/AIDS in Montreal, the contradictory representations, oscillating between scepticism and hope, around the use of these medications