Editorial : Foot-and-mouth disease epidemiology, vaccines and vaccination : moving forward

Vaccination has played a major role in foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control. There are different approaches to the design and implementation of vaccination campaigns, and epidemiological information is paramount in influencing the vaccine and vaccination strategy that best suit each geographic location. FMD-endemic regions typically organize vaccination campaigns as a routine preventive control policy or to mitigate the impact of the disease. The majority of currently used vaccines are formulated with chemically inactivated whole-viral particles and suitable adjuvants such as single and double oil emulsions. The most recent strains circulating in a particular region are typically selected as antigens based on the results of vaccine-matching data and in vitro experiments, however, predictions based on vaccine-matching approaches are usually uncertain without a live virus challenge in natural hosts combined with reliable field data. Vaccine selection and successful vaccination campaigns rely on a deep knowledge of the epidemiology of the region where these vaccines will be used, as well as access to the appropriate diagnostic tools to underpin these campaigns.Instituto de VirologíaFil: Capozzo, Alejandra. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Capozzo, Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Vosloo, Wilna. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity. Transboundary Disease Mitigation. Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness; AustraliaFil: de los Santos, Teresa. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Estados UnidosFil: Pérez, Andrés M. University of Minnesota. Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Perez Filgueira, Daniel Mariano. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Perez Filgueira, Daniel Mariano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

A DNA vaccine encoding foot-and-mouth disease virus B and T-cell epitopes targeted to class II swine leukocyte antigens protects pigs against viral challenge

Development of efficient and safer vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a must. Previous results obtained in our laboratory have demonstrated that DNA vaccines encoding B and T cell epitopes from type C FMDV, efficiently controlled virus replication in mice, while they did not protect against FMDV challenge in pigs, one of the FMDV natural hosts. The main finding of this work is the ability to improve the protection afforded in swine using a new DNA-vaccine prototype (pCMV-APCH1BTT), encoding FMDV B and T-cell epitopes fused to the single-chain variable fragment of the 1F12 mouse monoclonal antibody that recognizes Class-II Swine Leukocyte antigens. Half of the DNA-immunized pigs were fully protected upon viral challenge, while the remaining animals were partially protected, showing a delayed, shorter and milder disease than control pigs. Full protection in a given vaccinated-pig correlated with the induction of specific IFNγ-secreting T-cells, detectable prior to FMDV-challenge, together with a rapid development of neutralizing antibodies after viral challenge, pointing towards the relevance that both arms of the immune response can play in protection. Our results open new avenues for developing future FMDV subunit vaccines.Fil: Borrego, Belén. No especifíca;Fil: Argilaguet, Jordi M.. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Pérez Martín, Eva. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Dominguez, Javier. No especifíca;Fil: Pérez Filgueira, Daniel Mariano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Escribano, José M.. No especifíca;Fil: Sobrino, Francisco. No especifíca;Fil: Rodriguez, Fernando. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Españ

Simultaneous immunization of cattle with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and live anthrax vaccines do not interfere with FMD booster responses

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination in Argentina is compulsory for most of the cattle population and conducted by certified veterinarians. This organized campaign may facilitate the controlled application of other vaccines against endemic diseases, provided immune responses against FMD are not hindered. There is no published information on the interference of immunity against FMD vaccines when applied together with a live bacterial vaccine. In this study we evaluated if the simultaneous application of a Bacillus anthracis live vaccine with a commercial tetravalent oil-based FMD vaccine (FMD-vac) used in Argentina, modifies the antibody booster responses against FMD virus (FMDV) in cattle. Two groups of 16 heifers with comparable liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) titers were immunized with the FMD-vac alone or simultaneously with a commercial attenuated bovine anthrax Sterne strain vaccine (ABV). Serum samples were obtained at 0, 25, 60 and 90 days post vaccination (dpv) and specific antibodies against two FMDV vaccine strains were assessed by LPBE, avidity and IgG-isotype ELISAs. Bovines immunized with FMD-vac or FMDV-V + ABV responded with a boost in the LPBE antibody titers and avidity at 25 dpv, and remained within similar levels up to the end of the study. Animals vaccinated with FMD-vac + ABV had significantly higher LPBE titers at 25 dpv, compared to those immunized with FMD-vac alone; which was due to an increase in IgG2 titers. Overall, antibody titers elicited in both groups were similar and followed comparable kinetics over time. We conclude that the simultaneous application of a live anthrax vaccine with the current FMD tetravalent vaccine used in Argentina in cattle previously immunized against FMD, did not counteract the serological response induced by FMD vaccination.Fil: Trotta, Myrian Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Lahore, Juan. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Cardoso, Nancy Patricia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Melucci, Osvaldo. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Catena, María. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; ArgentinaFil: Pérez Filgueira, Daniel Mariano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Fernando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Capozzo, Alejandra Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Virología; Argentin

The role of viral particle integrity in the serological assessment of foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine-induced immunity in swine

The efficacy of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) inactivated vaccines is mainly dependent on the integrity of the whole (146S) viral particles. If the intact capsids disassemble to 12S subunits, antibodies against internal-not protective epitopes, may be induced. Serological correlates with protection may be hampered if antibodies against internal epitopes are measured. Here we compared the performance of different ELISAs with the virus-neutralization test (VNT) that measures antibodies against exposed epitopes. Sera from pigs immunized with one dose of an expired commercial FMDV vaccine were used. This vaccine contained about 50% of O1/Campos and over 90% of A24/Cruzeiro strains total antigen as whole 146S particles. Specific-total antibodies were measured with the standard liquid-phase blocking ELISA (LPBE). We also developed an indirect ELISA (IE) using sucrose gradient purified 146S particles as capture antigen to titrate total antibodies, IgM, IgG1 and IgG2. A good correlation was found between VNT titers and IgG-ELISAs for A24/Cruzeiro, with the lowest correlation coefficient estimated for IgG2 titers. For O1/Campos, however, the presence of antibodies against epitopes different from those of the whole capsid, elicited by the presence of 12S particles in the vaccine, hampered the correlation between LPBE and VNT, which was improved by using purified O1/Campos 146S-particles for the liquid-phase of the LPBE. Interestingly, 146S particles but not 12S were efficiently bound to the ELISA plates, confirming the efficiency of the IE to detect antibodies against exposed epitopes. Our results indicate that any serological test assessing total antibodies or IgG1 against epitopes exposed in intact 146S-particles correlate with the levels of serum neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated pigs, and might potentially replace the VNT, upon validation. We recommend that antigen used for serological assays aimed to measure protective antibodies against FMDV should be controlled to ensure the preservation of 146S viral particles.Fil: Mansilla, Florencia Celeste. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación En Ciencias Veterinarias y Gastronómicas. Instituto de Virología E Innovaciones Tecnológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Turco, Cecilia Soledad. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación En Ciencias Veterinarias y Gastronómicas. Instituto de Virología E Innovaciones Tecnológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Miraglia, Maria Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación En Ciencias Veterinarias y Gastronómicas. Instituto de Virología E Innovaciones Tecnológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Bessone, Fernando Anibal. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Córdoba. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Marcos Juárez; ArgentinaFil: Franco, Raúl. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Córdoba. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Marcos Juárez; ArgentinaFil: Pérez Filgueira, Daniel Mariano. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación En Ciencias Veterinarias y Gastronómicas. Instituto de Virología E Innovaciones Tecnológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Sala, Juan Manuel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; ArgentinaFil: Capozzo, Alejandra Victoria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación En Ciencias Veterinarias y Gastronómicas. Instituto de Virología E Innovaciones Tecnológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas; Argentin

Enhancing dna immunization by targeting asfv antigens to sla-ii bearing cells

One of the main criticisms to DNA vaccines is the poor immunogenicity that they confer on occasions, at least in large animals. Confirming this theory, immunization with plasmid DNA encoding two African swine fever virus genes in frame (pCMV-PQ), failed in inducing detectable immune responses in pigs, while it was successful in mice. Aiming to improve the immune responses induced in swine, a new plasmid was constructed, encoding the viral genes fused in frame with a single chain variable fragment of an antibody specific for a swine leukocyte antigen II (pCMV-APCH1PQ). Our results clearly demonstrate that targeting antigens to antigen professional cells exponentially enhanced the immune response induced in pigs, albeit that the DNA vaccine was not able to confer protection against lethal viral challenge. Indeed, a viremia exacerbation was observed in each of the pigs that received the pCMV-APCH1PQ plasmid, this correlating with the presence of non-neutralizing antibodies and antigen-specific SLA II-restricted T-cells. The implications of our discoveries for the development of future vaccines against African swine fever virus and other swine pathogens are discussed.Fil: Argilaguet, J. M.. No especifíca;Fil: Pérez Martín, E.. No especifíca;Fil: Gallardo, C.. No especifíca;Fil: Salguero, F. J.. No especifíca;Fil: Borrego, B.. No especifíca;Fil: Lacasta, A.. No especifíca;Fil: Accensi, F.. No especifíca;Fil: Díaz, I.. No especifíca;Fil: Nofrarías, M.. No especifíca;Fil: Pujols, J.. No especifíca;Fil: Blanco, E.. No especifíca;Fil: Pérez Filgueira, Daniel Mariano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Escribano, José M.. No especifíca;Fil: Rodríguez, F.. No especifíca

Early Adaptive Immune Responses in the Respiratory Tract of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-Infected Cattle

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease which affects both domestic and wild biungulate species. This acute disease, caused by the FMD virus (FMDV), usually includes an active replication phase in the respiratory tract for up to 72 h postinfection, followed by hematogenous dissemination and vesicular lesions at oral and foot epithelia. The role of the early local adaptive immunity of the host in the outcome of the infection is not well understood. Here we report the kinetics of appearance of FMDV-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) in lymphoid organs along the respiratory tract and the spleen in cattle infected by aerosol exposure. While no responses were observed for up to 3 days postinfection (dpi), all animals developed FMDV-ASC in all the lymphoid organs studied at 4 dpi. Tracheobronchial lymph nodes were the most reactive organs at this time, and IgM was the predominant isotype, followed by IgG1. Numbers of FMDV-ASC were further augmented at 5 and 6 dpi, with an increasing prevalence in upper respiratory organs. Systemic antibody responses were slightly delayed compared with the local reaction. Also, IgM was the dominant isotype in serum at 5 dpi, coinciding with a sharp decrease of viral RNA detection in peripheral blood. These results indicate that following aerogenous administration, cattle develop a rapid and vigorous genuine local antibody response throughout the respiratory tract. Time course and isotype profiles indicate the presence of an efficient T cell-independent antibody response which drives the IgM-mediated virus clearance in cattle infected by FMDV aerosol exposure.Instituto de VirologíaFil: Pega, Juan Franco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bucafusco, Danilo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Di Giacomo, Sebastián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Schammas, Juan Manuel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Malacari, Darío Amilcar. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Capozzo, Alejandra Victoria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Arzt, J. USDA. Agricultural Research Service. Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Estados UnidosFil: Pérez Beascoeachea, C. Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria. Dirección de Laboratorios; ArgentinaFil: Maradei, E. Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria. Dirección de Laboratorios; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez, L. USDA. Agricultural Research Service. Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Estados UnidosFil: Borca, Manuel Victor. USDA. Agricultural Research Service. Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Estados UnidosFil: Perez Filgueira, Daniel Mariano. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Effect of different immunomodulators in the immune response elicited against foot and mouth disease virus in experimental and natural models

Se estudió la respuesta de isotipos en ratones de la cepa Balb/c luego de la infección experimental con VFA o de la inmunización con vacunas formuladas con virus inactivado con y sin el agregado de adyuvantes. Se utilizaron tres inmunomoduladores para formular diferentes vacunas usando vehículos acuosos y oleosos: la fracción hidrosoluble de pared celular de Micobacterium sp. (PCM), un extracto purificado de lipopolisacárido de Brucella ovis (LPS) y una amina lipoidal sintética, Avridine (AV). Los animales infectados mostraron respuestas dominadas por el isotipo IgG2b y seguidas por IgG1, IgG2a, IgG3, entre los 14 y 60 d.p.i. o se detectó actividad de IgG3 específicas para la VFA en ninguno de los animales vacunados. Las formulaciones conteniendo adyuvantes presentaron altos y persistentes niveles de IgG2b, similares a los de los animales infectados, hasta los 180 d.p.i., mientras que en las vacunas convencionales este isotipo fue detectado sólo hasta los 60 d.p.i. Los animales vacunados con formulaciones conteniendo estos adyuvantes presentaron una resistencia aumentada al desafío viral realizado a los 210 d.p.i., en relación con aquellos inmunizados con vacunas convencionales. Dos de estos inmunomoduladores (PCM y AV) fueron también probados en bovinos, incluidos en vacunas oleosas. Se elaboraron 11 diferentes formulaciones que fueron inoculadas en grupos de 8 animales. Nuestros resultados muestran que la inclusión de cualquiera de estos dos adyuvantes en sus mayores concentraciones a vacunas formuladas con baja cantidad de antígeno viral, indujeron niveles inactivado sin el agregado de adyuvantes. Los isotipos de IgG inducidos en estas vacunas experimentales también diferían de las formulaciones convencionales y control sin adyuvantes. Se discute la posible relación entre estos cambios inducidos y la inmunidad conferida en cada caso.The IgG isotype response in Balb/c mice infected with FMDV or immunized with different vaccine formulations using inactivated virus particles as antigen was analyzed at various times post-inoculation. Three immunomodulators, were employed to formulate different vaccines using aqueous and oil vehicles: a water-soluble fraction of the cell wall of Mycobacterium sp.(PCM), apurified extract of lipopolysacharide from Brucella ovis (LPS) and a synthetic lipoamide, Avridine (AV). Infected animals between 14 and 60 days post-inoculation (d.p.i.) showed responses dominated by IgG2b, followed by IgG1, IgG2a and IgG3, respectively. No IgG3 activity was detected in vaccinated animals at any time. With formulations including immunomodulators, persisting high levels of IgG2b (similar to those of infected animals) were detected until 180 d.p.i. while with conventional vaccines IgG2b responses were detected up to 60 d.p.i. Animals vaccinated with formulations including these immunomodulators presented an augmented resistance to viral challenge at 210 d.p.i. in relation with thoseimmunized with conventional vaccines. Two of these immunomodulators (PCM and AV) were also tested in oil vaccines in experiments conducted in bovines. Eleven different formulations were used to vaccinate 8 animals per group. Our results showed that the inclusion of these adjuvants in the higher concentrations to vaccines formulated with a low antigen concentration, induced antibody levels similar to those of vaccines containing twice the concentration of virus and no adjuvants. The IgG isotypes profiles induced in these experimental vaccines also differed from the elicited by the control vaccines without immunomodulators. The possible relation ship of these differences in the isotype response and protection is discussed.Fil:Pérez Filgueira, Daniel Mariano. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

以固相微萃取氣相層析法分析水溶液中四氯異苯■之研究

摘要 SPME具有快速、省時、不需使用任何有機溶劑之優點，近來常結合氣相層析儀來分析各式有機污染物質。本研究主要是利用SPME之優點來建立水中四氯異苯■之分析方法。研究中就影響SPME吸附效果之因素，及熱脫附對測定結果之影響，作詳盡探討。結果顯示以100μm PDMS纖維在1250rpm轉速下，於室溫中吸附40分鐘，而後在注入口下4.5cm處溫度為240℃，進行熱脫附3分鐘，可得最佳的分析結果。 在基質干擾方面，水樣中基質腐植酸在150 ppm，而銅、鐵、鎂、鈣、鋁、鈷等金屬分別在10、100、100、150、150、150 ppm以上，會有負干擾發生；另在不同水樣基質影響方面，得知地下水及自來水基質干擾較小，而灌溉用水則有顯著之影響，因此對灌溉水中四氯異苯■之殘量測定，利用標準添加法來克服基質干擾問題。經偵測實際水樣四氯異苯■之殘留量，發現在灌溉水中有43.81μg/L殘留，此殘留量在理論上應屬安全。 本研究結果顯示以SPME配合GC-ECD分析水中微量四氯異苯■之殘留量，簡化了前處理萃取濃縮複雜之過程，此方法可有效的達到分離與偵測目的，減少分析時間，增加靈敏度及降低偵測極限，準確地測出其含量，故本研究可作為分析水樣中四氯異苯■之方法。目錄 摘要………………………………………………………………….Ⅰ 目錄……………………………………………………………….Ⅱ 圖次……………………………………………………………….…Ⅴ 表次………………………………………………………………….Ⅶ 第一章緒論…………………………………………………………..1 1.1四氯異苯■chlorothalonil)基本性質……………………2 1.2四氯異苯■chlorothalonil)在環境中之分佈及分解途徑.6 1.2.1.化學分解………………………………………………..7 1.2.2.光分解反應……………………………………………..7 1.2.3.生物分解作用…………………………………………..7 1.3常用四氯異苯■chlorothalonil)之萃取方法…………….8 1.3.1直接由氣相(gas phase)萃取…………………………..9 1.3.2相的轉換…………………………………………………11 1.3.3吸附-熱脫附形式……………………………………….16 1.4四氯異苯■chlorothalonil)之分析方法…………………24 1.4.1氣相層析法………………………………………………24 1.4.2氣相層析質譜法………………………………………..29 第二章 實驗部分…………………………………………………….31 2.1藥品…………………………………………………………..31 2.2器材與儀器設備……………………………………………..32 2.3藥品配製……………………………………………………..34 2.4實驗過程……………………………………………………..38 2.4.1氣相層析儀設定條件之探討………………………….38 2.4.2氣相層析儀分析條件之設定………………………….38 2.4.3氣相層析質譜儀分析條件之設定…………………….39 2.4.4固相微萃取相關實驗條件之探討…………………….40 2.5標準添加法定量……………………………………………..49 第三章 結果與討論………………………………………………...50 3.1分離管柱之選擇……………………………………………..50 3.2固相微萃取最佳實驗條件之探討…………………………..51 3.2.2纖維吸附條件對波峰面積之影響…………………….52 3.2.3熱脫附條件之探討…………………………………….61 3.2.4離子強度對萃取效率之探討………………………….67 3.2.5 pH值對萃取效率之探討……………………………..73 3.2.6曝露空氣時間對分析結果之探討…………………….75 3.2.7萃取溫度對萃取效率之探討………………………….75 3.2.8極性溶劑含量對萃取效率之探討……………………..77 3.2.9二纖維間吸附特性之探討……………………………..79 3.2.10干擾物質對萃取效率之探討………………………….81 3.3 分析方法可行性之探討……………………………………..84 3.3.1固相微萃取分析標準品四氯異苯■...................86 3.3.2固相微萃取分析真實樣品四氯異苯■..................91 第四章 結論………………………………………………………….99 第五章 參考文獻…………………………………………………….10

Foot-and-mouth disease epidemiology, vaccines and vaccination: Moving forward

Vaccination has played a major role in foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control. There are different approaches to the design and implementation of vaccination campaigns, and epidemiological information is paramount in influencing the vaccine and vaccination strategy that best suit each geographic location. FMD-endemic regions typically organize vaccination campaigns as a routine preventive control policy or to mitigate the impact of the disease. The majority of currently used vaccines are formulated with chemically inactivated whole-viral particles and suitable adjuvants such as single and double oil emulsions. The most recent strains circulating in a particular region are typically selected as antigens based on the results of vaccine-matching data and in vitro experiments, however, predictions based on vaccine-matching approaches are usually uncertain without a live virus challenge in natural hosts combined with reliable field data. Vaccine selection and successful vaccination campaigns rely on a deep knowledge of the epidemiology of the region where these vaccines will be used, as well as access to the appropriate diagnostic tools to underpin these campaigns...Fil: Capozzo, Alejandra Victoria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Vosloo, Wilna. Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation (csiro);Fil: De los Santos, Teresa. U.S. Department of Agriculture; Estados UnidosFil: Perez, Andres. University of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Pérez Filgueira, Daniel Mariano. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas; Argentin