198 research outputs found

    The Family Gap in Wages: What Wombmates Reveal

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    We shed new light on the effects of having children on hourly wages by exploiting access to data on the entire population of employed same-sex twins in Denmark. Our second contribution is the use of administrative data on absenteeism; the amount of hours off due to holidays and sickness. Our results suggest that childbearing reduces female hourly wages but the principal explanation is in fact mothers' higher levels of absence. We find a positive wage premium for fathers.fertility, wages, twins

    Where to Put the Kids? Effects of Type of Non-parental Child Care on Pre-teen Skills and Risky Behavior

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    This paper investigates pre-teenage effects of the choice of type of non-parental child care at age three (preschool relative to more informal family day care). We exploit a Danish panel data child survey merged with administrative records along with a pseudo-experiment that generates variation in the take-up of preschool across municipalities. As outcomes, we consider measures of overall and risky behavior in addition to objective and self-evaluated abilities. We find no strong evidence that one type of non-parental care outperforms the other, though children who have been placed in preschool tend to like school better.child care, skills, risky behaviors, evaluation

    The toll of fertility on mothers’ wellb

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    In this paper we study the impact of fertility on the overall wellbeing of mothers First, using US Census data for the year 1980, we study the impact of number of children on family arrangements, welfare participation and poverty status. Second, using the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for the period 1982-2003, we study the impact on a series of health risk factors. The findings reveal, first, that a raise in family size increases the likelihood of marital breakdown measured by the likelihood of divorce or the likelihood of the mother not living with the children’s father. Second, we find evidence that mothers facing an increase in family size are not only more likely to live with other family members such as grandparents, aunts and uncles, they are also more likely to receive help from welfare programs. Third, consistent with an increase in welfare participation, families (mothers) are more likely to fall below the poverty line, and they face a reduction in total family income. The results using NHIS confirm a negative impact of fertility on marriage stability and an increase in welfare participation measured by an increase in the likelihood of using Medicaid and for some samples a reduction in the take-up of private health insurance. Finally, we find evidence that a shock in fertility increases the likelihood for mothers to suffer from high blood pressure during the last 12 months and also increases the propensity to smoke and risk of being obeseFertility, Family arrangements, Poverty, Welfare participation, Health insurance, Obesity

    Price Sensitivity of Demand for Prescription Drugs: Exploiting a Regression Kink Design

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    This paper investigates price sensitivity of demand for prescription drugs using drug purchase records for at 20% random sample of the Danish population. We identify price responsiveness by exploiting exogenous variation in prices caused by kinked reimbursement schemes and implement a regression kink design. Thus, within a unifying framework we uncover price sensitivity for different subpopulations and types of drugs. The results suggest low average price responsiveness with corresponding price elasticities ranging from -0.08 to -0.25, implying that demand is inelastic. Individuals with lower education and income are, however, more responsive to the price. Also, essential drugs that prevent deterioration in health and prolong life have lower associated average price sensitivity.Prescription drugs; price; reimbursement schemes; regression kink design

    Does the Gap in Family-friendly Policies Drive the Family Gap?

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    A segregation of the labour market into a family-friendly and a non-family friendly sector has the effect that women self-select into the sectors depending on institutional constraints, preferences for family-friendly working conditions and expected wage differences. We find that neglecting the sector dimension tends to understate the effect of birth-related interruptions in both sectors. The combined effect of a large depreciation effect and no recovery means that females in the non-family friendly sector (e.g. private sector) are punished severely after childbirth. In the family friendly sector (e.g. public sector), we find complete catch up.Fertility; family gap; career interruptions; wages; public vs. private sector

    The Effects of Children's ADHD on Parents' Relationship Dissolution and Labor Supply

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    This paper uses Danish register-based data for the population of children born in 1990-1997 to investigate the effects on parents of having a child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD). Ten years after birth, parents of children diagnosed with ADHD have a 75% higher probability of having dissolved their relationship and a 7-13% lower labor supply. Exploiting detailed information about documented risk factors behind ADHD, we find that roughly half of this gap is due to selection. However, a statistically and economically significant gap is left, which is likely related to the impact of high psychic costs of coping with a child with ADHD.ADHD, child health, marital dissolution, labor supply

    The toll of fertility on mothers’ wellbeing

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    In this paper we study the impact of fertility on the overall wellbeing of mothers First, using US Census data for the year 1980, we study the impact of number of children on family arrangements, welfare participation and poverty status. Second, using the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for the period 1982-2003, we study the impact on a series of health risk factors. The findings reveal, first, that a raise in family size increases the likelihood of marital breakdown measured by the likelihood of divorce or the likelihood of the mother not living with the children’s father. Second, we find evidence that mothers facing an increase in family size are not only more likely to live with other family members such as grandparents, aunts and uncles, they are also more likely to receive help from welfare programs. Third, consistent with an increase in welfare participation, families (mothers) are more likely to fall below the poverty line, and they face a reduction in total family income. The results using NHIS confirm a negative impact of fertility on marriage stability and an increase in welfare participation measured by an increase in the likelihood of using Medicaid and for some samples a reduction in the take-up of private health insurance. Finally, we find evidence that a shock in fertility increases the likelihood for mothers to suffer from high blood pressure during the last 12 months and also increases the propensity to smoke and risk of being obes

    Predasjon pÄ kunstige reir i forhold til menneskelig aktivitet og rypetetthet langs landskapsgradienter i et borealt Þkosystem

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    Sammendrag I et forsÞk gjennomfÞrt i fem lirypeomrÄder i Midt-Norge fant vi at totale predasjonsrater pÄ falske reir med vaktelegg (Coturnix coturnix) varierte fra 39.8 % til 50.7 % over tre Är. De vanligste eggpredatorene var ravn (Corvus corax), mÄr (Martes martes) og krÄke (Corvus cornix). Noen predatorarter utfÞrte lite predasjon pÄ de falske reirene. Disse artene var skjÊre (Pica pica), rÞdrev (Vulpes vulpes), rÞyskatt (Mustela erminea) og snÞmus (Mustela nivalis). Da vi vurderte predasjonsratene opp mot menneskelige pÄvirkninger fant vi at den totale predasjonsraten Þkte i samsvar med Þkende tettheter av vei og sti. Det var en negativ sammenheng mellom predasjon fra mÄr og tettheter av vei og sti, mens det var en positiv sammenheng mellom predasjon fra ravn og disse variablene. Den totale predasjonsraten Þkte med Þkende tetthet av bygninger. Vi fant et negativt forhold mellom predasjon fra ravn og tetthet av bygninger, mens forholdet mellom predasjon fra krÄke og tetthet av bygninger var positivt. Dette vil med andre ord si at den dominerende pattedyrarten (mÄr) var negativt pÄvirket av menneskelig aktivitet, mens de to dominerende krÄkefuglene (Corvus spp.) var positivt pÄvirket av total menneskelig aktivitet, med unntak av ravnens negative sammenheng med tetthet av bygninger. Det kan virke som om menneskelig aktivitet og infrastruktur gir Þkt ressurstilgang til krÄkefuglene, noe som fÞrer til hÞyere tetthet av krÄkefugl. Dette kan igjen fÞre til hÞyere predasjonsrater pÄ reir i nÊrheten av bygninger eller annen infrastruktur. Den stÞrste andelen av predasjon fra mÄr ble utfÞrt i skogshabitatet mens den stÞrste andelen av predasjon fra krÄkefugl ble utfÞrt i det mer Äpne lavalpine habitatet og i skoggrensa. Vi fant ingen sammenheng mellom total predasjonsrate og tetthet av lirype. Dette kan skyldes vanskelighetene med Ä overfÞre predasjonsrater pÄ falske reir til predasjonsrater pÄ ekte reir hvor predasjonen fra pattedyr sannsynligvis er hÞyere. Selv om vi ikke kunne se noen klar sammenheng mellom predasjon pÄ falske reir og tetthet av predatorer mÄlt ved hjelp av kameraer viste resultatene vÄre at vi kan forvente hÞyere tettheter av potensielle predatorer pÄ rype i nÊrheten av menneskelig aktivitet, bygninger og infrastruktur. Dette bÞr det tas hensyn til i planleggingen av for eksempel nye hytteomrÄder for Ä unngÄ Ä oppfÞre slike hytteomrÄder i omrÄder hvor det er hÞy produksjon av liryper. Vi fant en positiv tilknytning mellom forekomst av smÄgnagere og total predasjon. Abstract In a study conducted in five willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) areas in central Norway we found a total predation rate on artificial nests with common quail (Coturnix coturnix) eggs ranging from 39.8% to 50.7% over three years. The most dominating egg predators were ravens (Corvus corax), pine martens (Martes martes) and hooded crows (Corvus cornix). Predators that showed a low predation rate on the artificial nests were magpies (Pica pica), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), stoats (Mustela erminea) and least weasels (Mustela nivalis). Evaluating the influence of human activity on the predation rates we found that the total predation rate increased with increasing road - and path density. Pine marten predation was negatively associated with density of roads and paths while raven predation was positively associated with density of roads and paths. The total predation rate increased with increasing settlement density. There was a negative relationship between raven predation and settlement density whereas there was a positive relationship between hooded crow predation and settlement density. In other words; the dominating mammalian species showed a negative association with overall human activity, while the two dominating corvid (Corvus spp.) species showed a positive association with overall human activity with the exception of ravens negative association with settlement density. It seems that in some way human activity and infrastructure facilitate access to resources for the corvid species; leading to higher corvid densities;- possibly leading to higher predation rates on nests in vicinity to settlement and infrastructure. We found no relationship between total predation rate and willow ptarmigan density. This finding can be due to the difficulties of transferring predation rates on artificial nests to predation rates on natural nests where the predation rate by mammals is probably higher. Most of the predation from pine marten took place in birch habitat whereas most of the predation by corvids occurred in the more open low-alpine habitat and edge habitat. Small rodent abundance was positively related to total predation. Although there was no clear relation between predation patterns on artificial nests and predator density measured using cameras, our results showed that we could expect higher densities of potential predators in association with human activity, settlement and infrastructure. Planning e.g. new cabin resorts areas, this should be taken into account, to avoid setting up resorts areas in high productive willow ptarmigan habitat.Direktoratet for naturforvaltnin

    VerbbÞyning: Hva skjer nÄr hjernen fÄr en skade? Eksperimentell evidens fra afasirammede og Alzheimer-pasienter

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    En test utviklet for Ä undersÞke tilegnelse av preteritumsformer hos barn er gitt til en gruppe afasirammede, det vil si voksne med sprÄkvansker etter fokal hjerneskade. Testen bestÄr av bilder av 60 verb representative for de tre store verbklassene i bokmÄl. De afasirammedes responser sammenlignes med resultatene fra normalsprÄklige voksne og Alzheimer-pasienter. Som gruppe skÄrer de afasirammede langt dÄrligere enn de to andre gruppene. En analyse av hva slags feil informantene gjÞr, avslÞrer ulike feilmÞnstre i de tre informantgruppene. Resultatene diskuteres i forhold til hva de forteller om underliggende Ärsaker til vanskene, leksikonstruktur og bÞyningssystem hos informantene, og vi diskuterer mulige konsekvenser for differensialdiagnostisering. Det er store individuelle forskjeller blant de afasirammede, og artikkelen gir ogsÄ et innblikk i fire individuelle kasus

    Kreft og fertilitet: unge kvinners informasjonsbehov i mĂžte med kreft og fertilitet

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    Innledning med bakgrunn: Avansert kreftbehandling kan innebÊre kirurgisk fjerning av reproduktive organer i kombinasjon med alkylerende cellegift og/ eller strÄlebehandling som innebÊrer at kvinner kan miste eller fÄ betydelig redusert fertilitet. Traumet ved Ä miste en framtidig morsrolle kan oppleves som tap og kan arte seg som sorg, bÄde hos kvinnen og hennes partner. Stadig flere kvinner utsetter Ä fÄ barn og flere rekker derfor Ä utvikle kreft fÞr de har fÄtt startet en familie. Artikkelens hensikt er Ä undersÞke unge kvinners informasjonsbehov om redusert og tapt fertilitet som seneffekt etter kreftbehandling Metode: Artikkelen er en litteraturstudie som tar for seg eksisterende forskning, fagartikler, faglitteratur og lovverk. Det er anvendt studier med kvalitativ metode, kvantitativ metode og mixed methods. Resultat: Det kommer tydelig frem i samtlige studier at fertilitet er med pÄ Ä definere kvinnens egenverd og selvfÞlelse. Det er viktig at sykepleieren tar opp fertilitet med kvinnen og sÞrger for at hun blir henvist bÄde til gynekologisk onkolog og til endokrinolog for Ä sÞrge for bredt tverrfaglig samarbeid rundt kvinnen. Det kreves at helsepersonell har tilstrekkelig kompetanse, formidlingsevne, tid og fokus til Ä prate med kvinnen om fertilitet. Studien er av betydning for helsepersonell som arbeider med unge kvinnelige kreftpasienter som trenger informasjon om konsekvensene av kreftbehandling for fertiliteten. Konklusjon/oppsummering: Samtlige studier konkluderer med at det er behov for ytterligere forskning pÄ en heterogen gruppe, fra ulike kulturer, religioner, legning og sosioÞkonomisk status
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