Estudo de intervenção em mulheres HIV positivas atendidas em um ambulatório especializado no município de Pelotas, RS, Brasil.

In order to identify educational interventions promoting male condom use during intercourse among HIV positive persons, a systematic review of publications was conducted. Lilacs, Medline and Popline data sets and CDC and UNAIDS sites were searched without time limit. Uniterms used were: women; men; interventions; HIV; Aids; HIV positive; risk behaviors; sexual risk behaviors; and intervention studies. Fourteen interventions were included, eight of which reported a positive result. Most frequent ethodological weaknesses observed were lack of randomization, no control for confounding, high rates of losses to follow-up, small sample sizes, and outcome of condom use stated by patient self-report. Publication bias favoring studies showing a beneficial effect has to be considered. Nowadays, effective interventions aiming to promote condom use for HIV positive are an important tool on the prevention of HIV dissemination.Sem bolsaPretendeu-se identificar intervenções educativas dirigidas a indivíduos HIV positivos, com desfecho uso de preservativos masculinos. Através de uma revisão sistemática, pesquisou-se bases de dados (Lilacs, Medline, Popline) e sites (CDC e UNAIDS), sem limite de tempo. Os unitermos utilizados foram: women; men; interventions; HIV; Aids; HIV positive; risk behaviors; sexual risk behaviors; intervention studies. Foram incluídos quatorze estudos, oito deles com efeito positivo. As limitações mais freqüentes foram: ausência de randomização, falta de controle para fatores de confusão, altas perdas, falta de poder estatístico e avaliação do desfecho baseada em relato. A possibilidade de viés de publicação, favorecendo estudos de intervenção que demonstraram efeitos benéficos deve ser considerada. Intervenções efetivas para aumentar o uso de preservativos em pessoas HIV positivas são importantes para obter maior efeito na prevenção da disseminação do vírus

Chronic non-communicable diseases and COVID-19: EPICOVID-19 Brazil results

OBJECTIVE Describing the prevalence of chronic diseases and associated socioeconomic and demographic factors, evaluating the patterns of social distancing and the antibodies prevalence against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 symptoms in carriers and non-carriers of chronic diseases. METHODS Data from 77,075 individuals aged 20 to 59 from three steps of the EPICOVID-19 Brazil (a nationwide serological survey conducted between May and June, 2021) were assessed. The presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was examined by rapid tests. Self-reported prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, asthma, cancer, chronic kidney disease and heart disease were investigated. The prevalence of mask use, adherence to isolation measures and antibodies were evaluated separately amid carriers and non-carriers of chronic diseases. The prevalence of symptoms was analyzed among carriers and non-carriers of chronic diseases with antibodies. RESULTS The prevalence of at least one chronic disease was 43%, higher in the Southeast region, among white and indigenous individuals, women, less schooled and in lower socioeconomic position. The use of masks when leaving home was similar among carriers and non-carriers of chronic diseases (98%). The proportion of participants who reported adherence to isolation measures was higher amid carriers (15.9%) than non-carriers (24.9%) of chronic diseases. The prevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was similar amongst carriers and non-carriers (2.4% and 2.3%). The prevalence of cough, dyspnea, palpitations and myalgia was significantly higher among carriers, but the proportion of symptomatic patients was similar between groups. CONCLUSION The prevalence of chronic diseases in Brazil is high and the COVID-19 pandemic affects carriers and non-carriers of chronic diseases similarly. Carriers present more severe forms of COVID-19 and higher prevalence of symptoms. Greater adherence to social distancing measures among chronic patients is disassociated from a lower incidence of COVID-19 in this group.OBJETIVO Descrever a prevalência de doenças crônicas e fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos associados, avaliar os padrões de distanciamento social e a prevalência de anticorpos contra SARS-CoV-2 e sintomas de covid-19 em portadores e não portadores de doenças crônicas. MÉTODOS Foram avaliados dados de 77.075 mil indivíduos de 20 a 59 anos de três etapas do inquérito sorológico de abrangência nacional Epicovid-19 Brasil, realizadas entre maio e junho de 2021. A presença de anticorpos contra SARS-CoV-2 foi avaliada por teste rápido. Foram investigadas as prevalências autorreferidas de hipertensão, diabetes, asma, câncer, doença renal crônica e doença cardíaca. A prevalência de uso de máscara, de adesão a medidas de isolamento e de anticorpos foi avaliada separadamente entre portadores e não portadores de doenças crônicas. A prevalência de sintomas foi avaliada entre doentes crônicos e não doentes portadores de anticorpos. RESULTADOS A prevalência do pelo menos uma doença crônica foi de 43%, maior na região Sudeste, entre indivíduos brancos e indígenas, mulheres, menos escolarizados e em menor posição socioeconômica. O uso de máscara ao sair do domicílio não diferiu entre doentes crônicos e não doentes (98%). A proporção de participantes que referiram adesão ao isolamento foi maior entre doentes crônicos (15,9%) que entre não doentes (24,9%). A prevalência de anticorpos contra SARS-CoV-2 foi semelhante entre doentes crônicos e não doentes (2,4% e 2,3%). A prevalência de tosse, dispneia, palpitações e mialgia foi significativamente maior entre doentes crônicos, mas a proporção de sintomáticos não diferiu entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO A prevalência de doenças crônicas no país é alta e a pandemia de covid-19 atinge de forma semelhante doentes e não doentes. Doentes crônicos apresentam formas mais graves de covid-19 e maior prevalência de sintomas. A maior adesão às medidas de distanciamento social entre doentes crônicos não se reflete em menor incidência de covid-19 nesse grupo

Vigilância epidemiológica da transmissão vertical da sífilis: dados de seis unidades federativas no Brasil

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos casos notificados de sífilis em gestantes e sífilis congênita nos estados brasileiros do Amazonas, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro e Rio Grande do Sul e no Distrito Federal a partir de dados do Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Métodos Estudo descritivo incluindo avaliação ecológica e transversal. Foram utilizados dados do SINAN Net. Foram calculadas a taxa de detecção de sífilis em gestantes e a taxa de incidência de sífilis congênita por 1 000 nascidos vivos. Para identificar as gestantes notificadas com sífilis com desfecho de sífilis congênita, as duas bases do SINAN foram relacionadas por meio do software RecLink. Como os dados eram de representatividade regional, as comparações foram feitas entre as unidades da federação, e não com a soma dos casos. Resultados A taxa de detecção de sífilis em gestantes cresceu entre 21% (Amazonas) e 75% (Rio de Janeiro). A incidência de sífilis congênita seguiu o mesmo perfil de incremento, variando de 35,6% no Distrito Federal a 639,9% no Rio Grande do Sul, com redução de 0,7% no Amazonas. A realização de pré-natal nas mulheres com desfecho de sífilis congênita variou de 67,3% no Amazonas a 83,3% no Distrito Federal. Das gestantes com sífilis, 43% tiveram desfecho notificado de sífilis congênita. Nas gestantes com sífilis e desfecho de sífilis congênita, o diagnóstico materno ocorreu durante o pré-natal em 74% e no parto em 18%. Em 8% das mulheres ignorava-se o momento do diagnóstico. Conclusão O incremento nas taxas de detecção de sífilis pode ter resultado do aumento na notificação. O monitoramento constante em gestantes é essencial para a eliminação desses agravos

Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi/HIV coinfection in southern Brazil

Chagas disease reactivation has been a defining condition for acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Brazil for individuals coinfected with Trypanosoma cruzi and HIV since 2004. Although the first coinfection case was reported in the 1980s, its prevalence has not been firmly established. In order to know coinfection prevalence, a cross-sectional study of 200 HIV patients was performed between January and July 2013 in the city of Pelotas, in southern Rio Grande do Sul, an endemic area for Chagas disease. Ten subjects were found positive for T. cruzi infection by chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay and indirect immunofluorescence. The survey showed 5% coinfection prevalence among HIV patients (95% CI: 2.0–8.0), which was 3.8 times as high as that estimated by the Ministry of Health of Brazil. Six individuals had a viral load higher than 100,000 copies per μL, a statistically significant difference for T. cruzi presence. These findings highlight the importance of screening HIV patients from Chagas disease endemic areas. Keywords: Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, AID

Disrespect and abuse of women during the process of childbirth in the 2015 Pelotas birth cohort

Abstract Background The disrespect and abuse of women during the process of childbirth is an emergent and global problem and only few studies have investigated this worrying issue. The objective of the present study was to describe the prevalence of disrespect and abuse of women during childbirth in Pelotas City, Brazil, and to investigate the factors involved. Methods This was a cross-sectional population-based study of women delivering members of the 2015 Pelotas birth cohort. Information relating to disrespect and abuse during childbirth was obtained by household interview 3 months after delivery. The information related to verbal and physical abuse, denial of care and invasive and/or inappropriate procedures. Poisson regression was used to evaluate the factors associated with one or more, and two or more, types of disrespectful treatment or abuse. Results A total of 4275 women took part in a perinatal study. During the three-month follow-up, we interviewed 4087 biological mothers with regards to disrespect and abuse. Approximately 10% of women reported having experienced verbal abuse, 6% denial of care, 6% undesirable or inappropriate procedures and 5% physical abuse. At least one type of disrespect or abuse was reported by 18.3% of mothers (95% confidence interval [CI]: 17.2–19.5); and at least two types by 5.1% (95% CI: 4.4–5.8). Women relying on the public health sector, and those whose childbirths were via cesarean section with previous labor, had the highest risk, with approximately a three- and two-fold increase in risk, respectively. Conclusions Our study showed that the occurrence of disrespect and abuse during childbirth was high and mostly associated with payment by the public sector and labor before delivery. The efforts made by civil society, governments and international organizations are not sufficient to restrain institutional violence against women during childbirth. To eradicate this problem, it is essential to 1) implement policies and actions specific for this type of violence and 2) formulate laws to promote the equality of rights between women and men, with particular emphasis on the economic rights of women and the promotion of gender equality in terms of access to jobs and education

Ultra-processed food consumption and the incidence of obesity in two cohorts of Latin-American young children: A longitudinal study

Purpose: We evaluated the potential associations between the consumption of ultra-processed food (UPF) and the incidence of obesity among Uruguayan and Brazilian preschoolers. Design and methods:We conducted a longitudinal analysis using data from preschool children fromUruguay and Brazil. The “Health, child development and nutritional survey” (ENDIS) was conducted in Uruguay in 2013–2014 and 2015–2016. The Brazilian survey (Pelotas 2015 Birth Cohort) has measures from 2017 and 2019. The main outcome measure was obesity defined as body mass index (BMI) for age and sex ≥ +3 z-scores. The score of UPF consumption was the main exposure measured. Multilevel crude and adjusted Poisson regressions were performed to estimate risk ratios and the respective 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI). Results: The overall incidence of obesity in this group of young Latin-American children with a mean age of 48 months was 4.1%. We observed a relationship between UPF and obesity with statistical significance (RR: 1.10 (95% CI, 1.02–1.18). Adjustment for weight at birth, age, sex, breastfeeding, country, and time between waves resulted in a similar relationship but lack of statistical significance. Conclusions: Whilst in this study we did not find strong evidence of an association between the incidence of obesity and the intake at baseline and currently of UPF, results suggest that higher UPF consumption is more favorable than reduced consumption for the development of obesity. Practice implications: The present study reinforces the importance of nutrition education and more effective public policies for promoting healthier food choices in early childhood.Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovació

Ultra-processed food consumption and the incidence of obesity in two cohorts of Latin-American young children: A longitudinal study

Purpose: We evaluated the potential associations between the consumption of ultra-processed food (UPF) and the incidence of obesity among Uruguayan and Brazilian preschoolers. Design and methods:We conducted a longitudinal analysis using data from preschool children fromUruguay and Brazil. The “Health, child development and nutritional survey” (ENDIS) was conducted in Uruguay in 2013–2014 and 2015–2016. The Brazilian survey (Pelotas 2015 Birth Cohort) has measures from 2017 and 2019. The main outcome measure was obesity defined as body mass index (BMI) for age and sex ≥ +3 z-scores. The score of UPF consumption was the main exposure measured. Multilevel crude and adjusted Poisson regressions were performed to estimate risk ratios and the respective 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI). Results: The overall incidence of obesity in this group of young Latin-American children with a mean age of 48 months was 4.1%. We observed a relationship between UPF and obesity with statistical significance (RR: 1.10 (95% CI, 1.02–1.18). Adjustment for weight at birth, age, sex, breastfeeding, country, and time between waves resulted in a similar relationship but lack of statistical significance. Conclusions: Whilst in this study we did not find strong evidence of an association between the incidence of obesity and the intake at baseline and currently of UPF, results suggest that higher UPF consumption is more favorable than reduced consumption for the development of obesity. Practice implications: The present study reinforces the importance of nutrition education and more effective public policies for promoting healthier food choices in early childhood.Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovació