Functional characterization of NSE4 paralogs in Arabidopsis thaliana

The control of genome integrity throughout cellular generations is critical for viable plant development and the correct transmission of genetic information to the progeny. Key factor involved in this process is the STRUCTURAL MAINTAINANCE OF CHROMOSOME 5/6 (SMC5/6) complex, related to cohesin and condensin complexes controlling sister chromatid alignment and chromosome condensation, respectively. In my Ph.D project I characterized NON-SMC ELEMENT 4 (NSE4) paralogs of SMC5/6 complex in Arabidopsis. NSE4A is widely expressed in meristems and accumulates during DNA damage repair. Partial loss of function NSE4A mutants are viable, but hypersensitive to DNA damage induced by zebularine. In addition, NSE4A mutants show aberrant seed development, with embryo failing at organogenesis and non-cellularized endosperm. This resembles defects in cohesin and condensin mutants and thus suggests a role for all three SMC complexes in differentiation during seed development in plants. In contrast, NSE4B is expressed only in a few cell types and loss-of-function mutants do not have any obvious phenotype. In summary, this study shows that NSE4A subunit of SMC5/6 complex is essential for DNA damage repair in somatic tissues and plays a role during reproductive development

Effect of stress factors associated with postharvest citrus conditions on the viability and biocontrol activity of Clavispora lusitaniae strain 146

Only quite recently, we have shown that yeast strains Clavispora lusitaniae 146 and Pichia fermentans 27 can act as efficient biocontrol agents for combating postharvest fungal diseases in lemons. During postharvest and storage conditions, microorganisms are subject to different stress factors that could affect both their survival and their protective capacity. Understanding the tolerance of yeasts to environmental stress factors could support the future development and commercial application of biological control formulations based on such organisms. Thus, the impact of different stressors on the viability and protection efficiency of C. lusitaniae strain 146 and P. fermentans strain 27 was evaluated, and the yeasts were subjected to oxidative stress, thermal treatments, exposure to NaOCl, osmotic stress, and ultraviolet irradiation. Candida oleophila strain O served as the reference control. C. lusitaniae 146 was more resistant to H2O2 in plate assays; however, in liquid media there was no significant difference to the other strains. Strain 146 was less affected by NaOCl, being able to survive with 300 ppm. P. fermentans 27 was the strain most heavily affected by osmotic pressure, while strains 146 and strain O showed a similar adaptation. UV-B irradiation severely affected C. oleophila and P. fermentans, while C. lusitaniae was the most resistant. Strains 146 and 27 were similarly tolerant to thermal shocks, compared to the reference strain, which was less viable. In in vivo tests, exposure to 10 mM H2O2, 45 °C or 200 ppm NaOCl prior to fruit inoculation, reduced the antagonistic activity against the pathogen Penicillium digitatum. However, in no case was the biocontrol efficiency reduced to less than 50%. As C. lusitaniae 146 demonstrated a great potential to combat P. digitatum under a wide range of conditions, the organism is a promising candidate as an effective and valuable alternative to toxic fungicides.Fil: Pereyra, Martina María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Diaz, Mariana Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Meinhardt, Friedhelm. Münster Universität; AlemaniaFil: Dib, Julian Rafael. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Argentin

Towards the sustainable production of lemons: native yeasts as biological control agents

The province of Tucumán is positioned as one of the main centers of production and processing of lemons. Among the problems associated with the production of lemons, the economic losses caused by postharvest fungal infections stand out. Chemical fungicides have traditionally been applied as control and preventive measures, but their use entails numerous problems such as environmental contamination, toxicity in humans and restrictions on international markets. However, efficient and sustainable alternatives to the use of such pesticides are not known so far. Thus, the aim of this research was to search for biological control alternatives based on native yeasts, understand the associated mechanisms of action, and formulate a sustainable biocontrol agent. Biocontrol yeasts were isolated from citrus plants and lemon packinghouses. The antagonism of the isolates against Penicillium digitatum in in vitro and in vivo assays as well as the possible mechanisms of action related to biological control were determined. In addition, both liquid and solid formulations were tested. Among the yeast isolates, Clavispora lusitaniae 146stood out as it was able to inhibit P. digitatum in vitro and also to control green mold onlemons with high efficiency, both in room temperature and cold storage. Yeast 146 was ableto resist stress factors associated with the packaging process and was compatible with carnauba wax. Among the mechanisms of action, the ability to colonize wounds and the competition for space and nutrients were evidenced. C. lusitaniae depicted a broad spectrum of action in controlling green mold on other citrus fruits, such as oranges, mandarins, and grapefruit. C. lusitaniae 146 did not negatively affect the aroma perception of fruits by consumers. Moreover, it was able to remove the mycotoxin patulin from a solution. Different liquid and solid formulations were tested; being the yeast dried by lyophilization in combination with sucrose and skimmed milk the most promising. The native yeast C. lusitaniae 146 is a promising biological control agent for the control of P. digitatum in lemons and other varieties of citrus fruits. A yeast-based formulation would replace the use of chemical fungicides and promote the organic production of lemons.Fil: Diaz, Mariana Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Pereyra, Martina María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Rasuk, Maria Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Dib, Julian Rafael. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Microbiología; ArgentinaXVIII Congreso de la Sociedad Argentina de Microbiología GeneralChapadmalalArgentinaSociedad Argentina de Microbiología Genera

Insecticidal effects of Vernonanthura nebularum against two economically important pest insects

Vernonanthura nebularum (Cabrera) H. Rob. (Asteraceae), an endemic species from the north of Argentina, is a rich source of elephantopus-type sesquiterpene lactones. These compounds have proved to be promising antiparasitic agents, but there is no report about their action against pest insects. In this work we studied for the first time the antifeedant and toxic effects of V. nebularum natural products against the fall army warm Spodoptera frugiperda Smith and the oviposition deterrent activity against the fruit fly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. As a result, we found that extracts, fractions composed of sesquiterpene lactones and pure sesquiterpene lactones altered larval feeding behavior in the food choice test. Nutritional parameters of S. frugiperda larvae were also affected. Fraction II (300 μg/g of diet.), containing compounds 1, 2 and 3, was the most toxic substance with 80% pupal mortality and wing malformations in adults. In oviposition deterrent experiments against Ceratitis capitata, we observed a moderate effect at 30 μg/cm2 of the test compound. The most active substances were the methanolic extract, dichloromethane subextract and lactone 2. According to our results, V. nebularum natural products could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability, in addition to combat the increasing resistance rates developed by synthetic pesticides.Fil: Sosa, Andrea Mabel. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Diaz, Mariana. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Salvatore, Analía. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: Bardon, Alicia del Valle. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Química del Noroeste. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Química del Noroeste; ArgentinaFil: Borkosky, Susana. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Vera, Nancy. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia; Argentin

Selecting salt-tolerant clones and evaluating genetic variability to obtain parents of new diploid and tetraploid germplasm in rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana K.)

We evaluated survival percentage under salt stress in 46 diploid and tetraploid clones of rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana K.) with the aim of obtaining salt tolerant clones. Fifteen clones were selected at 600 mM NaCl under hydroponic conditions. Survival percentage of the selected clones ranged between 50–100% and 50–75% for diploid and tetraploid clones, respectively. Genetic diversity among the 15 salt-tolerant clones was assessed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). All tetraploid clones showed genetic diversity, whereas the diploid group included some genetically related clones. Clones tolerant at 600 mM NaCl and showed genetic diversity are proposed as parents for new synthetic varieties of each rhodesgrass ploidy.Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos VegetalesFil: Ribotta, Andrea Noemi. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales; ArgentinaFil: Griffa, Sabrina Mariana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales; ArgentinaFil: Diaz, Daniel Gustavo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Carloni, Edgardo José. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales; ArgentinaFil: Lopez Colomba, Eliana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales; ArgentinaFil: Tommasino, Exequiel Arturo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales; ArgentinaFil: Quiroga, Mariana Paola. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales; ArgentinaFil: Luna, Celina Mercedes. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales; ArgentinaFil: Grunberg, Karina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales; Argentin

Screening methods for isolation of biocontrol epiphytic yeasts against penicillium digitatum in lemons

Worldwide, the green rot caused by Penicillium digitatum is one of the most aggressive postharvest diseases of lemons. Searching for sustainable alternatives to chemical fungicides, epi-phytic yeasts as potential biocontrol agents were isolated from citrus fruits using a tailor-made selective medium. For disclosing their antagonistic potential against P. digitatum, obtained isolates were subjected to direct screening methods, both in vitro and in vivo. In the course of the primary in vitro screening that comprised dual culture assays, 43 yeast strains displaying antagonistic activities against the pathogen were selected. Subsequently, such strains were subjected to an in vivo screening that consisted of a microscale test, allowing the selection of six yeast strains for further analysis. In the final screening using macroscale in vivo tests, three strains (AcL2, AgL21, and AgL2) displaying the highest efficiencies to control P. digitatum were identified. The protection efficiencies in lemons were 80 (AcL2), 76.7 (AgL21), and 75% (AgL2). Based on sequence analysis of the PCR amplified D1/D2 domains of the 26S rRNA genes, they were identified as representatives of the species Clavispora lusitaniae. Interestingly, the strains exhibited a broad action spectrum among citrus fruits as they were also able to combat the green mold disease in grapefruit and two orange varieties. The direct screening methods applied in this study favored the recovery of effi-cient candidates for application as biological control agents to combat fungal infestations of citrus fruits.Fil: Pereyra, Martina María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Diaz, Mariana Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Soliz Santander, Fabricio Fabián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Poehlein, Anja. Universität Göttingen; AlemaniaFil: Meinhardt, Friedhelm. Westfälische Wilhelms Universität; AlemaniaFil: Daniel, Rolf. Universität Göttingen; AlemaniaFil: Dib, Julian Rafael. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; Argentin

Protection of Citrus Fruits from Postharvest Infection with Penicillium digitatum and Degradation of Patulin by Biocontrol Yeast Clavispora lusitaniae 146

Fungal rots are one of the main causes of large economic losses and deterioration in the quality and nutrient composition of fruits during the postharvest stage. The yeast Clavispora lusitaniae 146 has previously been shown to efficiently protect lemons from green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum. In this work, the effect of yeast concentration and exposure time on biocontrol efficiency was assessed; protection of various citrus fruits against P. digitatum by C. lusitaniae 146 was evaluated; the ability of the strain 146 to degrade mycotoxin patulin was tested; and the effect of the treatment on sensory properties of fruits was determined. An efficient protection of lemons was achieved after minimum exposure to relatively low yeast cell concentration. Apart from lemons, the yeast prevented green mold in grapefruits, mandarins, oranges, and tangerines, implying that it can be used as a broad-range biocontrol agent in citrus. The ability to degrade patulin indicated that strain 146 may be suitable for the control of further Penicillium species. Yeast treatment did not alter the sensory perception of the aroma of fruits. These results corroborate the potential of C. lusitaniae 146 for the control of postharvest diseases of citrus fruits and indicate its suitability for industrial-scale fruit processing.Fil: Diaz, Mariana Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Pereyra, Martina María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Soliz, Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Perez, María Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Cordoba, Josefina María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Alhussein, Mohammad. Universität Göttingen; AlemaniaFil: Karlovsky, Petr. Universität Göttingen; AlemaniaFil: Dib, Julian Rafael. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Argentin

Consonancias: Una experiencia musicoterapéutica en el ámbito público hospitalario durante la pandemia de COVID-19

La pandemia causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, generó mayores exigencias para quienes se desempeñan en el sistema de salud, con el natural desgaste físico, psíquico y emocional que ello trajo aparejado. En este marco, surgió una vinculación a través de un convenio específico entre la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) y el Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Profesor Dr. Rodolfo Rossi de la ciudad de La Plata, posibilitando a la Cátedra Libre Musicoterapia (CLM), llevar adelante el proyecto “Consonancias" el cual propuso compartir música en la tarea cotidiana de las y los trabajadores del hospital. El propósito del presente relato de experiencia profesional es mostrar el recorrido realizado por el equipo de la CLM en respuesta a la demanda específica del Hospital, evidenciando finalmente las intervenciones realizadas en el ámbito público hospitalario durante la pandemia.e pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, generates greater demands for those who perform in the health system, with the natural physical, psychological and emotional stress that the suit is wearing. Within this framework, a link has arisen through a specific agreement between the Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) and the Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Dr. Rodolfo Rossi from La Plata, enabling Cátedra Libre Musicoterapia (CLM) leading to the project “Consonances" with the proposal to share music on the daily routine of hospital workers. e aim of this professional experience report is to show the appeal carried out by the CLM team with the objective of responding to the specific demand of the Hospital, finally showing the interventions carried out in the public hospital environment during the pandemic.A pandemia causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 até o presente momento vem gerando exigências extras para os profissionais do âmbito da Saúde, ocasionando maiores desgastes físicos, psíquicos e emocionais. Neste marco, surgiu a vinculação entre a Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) e o Hospital Rodolfo Interzonal General de Agudos Rossi, da cidade de La Plata, por meio de convênio específico, possibilitando a Cátedra Livre Musicoterapia (CLM) a executar o projeto “Consonâncias" com a proposta de compartilhar música nas tarefas cotidianas dos funcionários do Hospital. O propósito do presente relato de experiência profissional é mostrar o recorrido realizado pela equipe da CLM com o objetivo de responder às demandas específicas do Hospital, evidenciando as intervenções realizadas no âmbito público durante a pandemia.Fil: Cannarozzo, Verónica. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Godetti, Erica. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Mancini, Flavia. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Moscuzza, Cecilia Andrea. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Gonnet, Daniel. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Diaz Abrahan, Veronika Mariana. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Explorando con realidad virtual interactiva

Continuando una línea de investigación y desarrollo que se viene trabajando en el LINTI, Laboratorio de Investigación en Nuevas Tecnologías Informáticas de la UNLP (Argentina), en este artículo se presenta la concreción de los proyectos que utilizan Realidad Aumentada (RA) con fines sociales y el estado de avance de aquellos que utilizan Realidad Virtual (RV) para potenciar aplicaciones móviles. Dentro de esta línea se abordan aspectos relacionados al desarrollo de aplicaciones educativas interactivas y materiales didácticos, así como también una nueva línea relacionada con RV aplicada a la arquitectura. En este artículo, se continúa con las líneas de I+D presentadas en WICC 2021, donde se analizaron y evaluaron entornos de desarrollo para aplicaciones de gamificación usando RA y RV y se presentan los avances en los desarrollos de aplicaciones usando RA y RV.Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informátic

Microbial Biopesticides: Diversity, Scope, and Mechanisms Involved in Plant Disease Control

Food losses, defined as a reduction in the quantity and quality of food during production and storage, impact food safety and security. Losses caused by plant pathogens are among the most significant. Chemical pesticides have been extensively used to prevent microbial diseases. Their toxicity and reduced efficacy, however, have encouraged investigators to develop alternatives. Alternatives based on microbial biopesticides tend to be safer and more environmentally benign than conventional pesticides. In recent years, formulations based on biopesticides have progressively increased in number and diversity and have attracted commercial interest. Understanding the mechanisms by which biopesticides control the disease is fundamental to achieving optimal disease control. Biocontrol mechanisms can be divided into two main categories: those related to the ability to inhibit pathogens or their virulence factors, and those that enhance host plant fitness and induce disease resistance. Here, the first type of strategy is reviewed, which is directly mediated by physical contact between biocontrol agents and pathogens or indirectly by exposure of a pathogen to antimicrobial or microbial-inhibiting compounds produced by the microbial antagonist. Mechanisms involving physical contact include mycophagy, destruction of pathogenic bacteria by bacteriophages or predation, and disease inhibition by topical applications of specific dsRNA. Indirect mechanisms that do not involve direct contact with a pathogen include the production of antimicrobial compounds, competition, and virulence factor suppression by quorum quenching. These topics are reviewed and discussed.Fil: Vero, Silvana. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Química. Área de Microbiología;Fil: Garmendia, Gabriela. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Química. Área de Microbiología;Fil: Allori Stazzonelli, Enzo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Agronomia y Zootecnia. Departamento de Ecología; ArgentinaFil: Sanz, José María. Fundación CARTIF; EspañaFil: Gonda, Mariana. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Química. Área de Microbiología;Fil: Alconada Magliano, Teresa Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales; ArgentinaFil: Cavello, Ivana Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales; ArgentinaFil: Dib, Julian Rafael. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Diaz, Mariana Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Nally, Maria Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Pimenta, Raphael Sanzio. Universidade Federal do Tocantins; BrasilFil: Fonseca Moreira da Silva, Juliana. Universidade Federal do Tocantins; BrasilFil: Vargas, Marisol. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Zaccari, Fernanda. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Wisniewski, Michael. Virginia Polytechnic Institute; Estados Unidos. Virginia State University; Estados Unido