Translating Intercultural Bilingual Education into Practice: The Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Mexico City

Historically, education has been used as a tool of assimilation towards Indigenous Peoples. Representing a shift away from this, in recent years, many countries in Latin America have adopted Intercultural Bilingual Education, promoting Indigenous Peoples’ rights to education in their languages and respective to their cultures. Mexico in particular, establishes Intercultural Bilingual Education as a right of all Indigenous Peoples in various laws and the Constitution of Mexico City protects this right for its Indigenous population. This study investigates the extent to which Indigenous Peoples’ rights to education, as outlined in international human rights instruments and reinforced in Mexican law, are implemented in Mexico City, accounting for its growing urban Indigenous population. Through semi-structured interviews with government officials as well as with directors and teachers from a public primary school in Mexico City, this study illustrates the role the state and educators play in the implementation of Intercultural Bilingual Education. The findings presented in the study suggest the significance of Indigenous Peoples and educators in this process, in comparison with the Mexican government, whose improved measures can help increase urban Indigenous students’ access to their education rights

Cor ad Cor Loquitur: John Henry Newman y la Amistad

J. H. Newman is known as a convert, an educator and a theologian, however, the twenty thousand letters he wrote testify to another aspect of his personality: A good friend. Friendship was not an abstract ideal for him, it was love given and received. Throughout his life he cultivated committed and generous relationships, sharing his heart, time, wisdom and financial resources with his friends. In today’s world where intimacy, friendship, commitment and generosity are often seen with suspicion, the way Newman lived friendship, while cultivating a deep intellectual life in the celibate state of a clergyman, can be very enlightening

Testing monetary model of exchange rates in emerging economies: new evidence from ASEAN 5+2 countries

The objective of this paper is two-fold; first, to test whether exchange rates are cointegrated with macroeconomic fundamentals as the theory predicts and secondly, to examine whether flexible-price monetary models can be used to predict and forecast future exchange rates successfully. The panel cointegration tests find the series to be cointegrated. The panel group FMOLS estimation results indicate that the estimated coefficients of money supply and real output levels relative to the US, in addition to the interest rate differentials, are statistically significant and carry correct positive, negative and positive signs respectively. The findings show that monetary models could be an important tool for explaining and forecasting the exchange rates of these ASEAN 5+2 countries in the long run

The Nexus between strategic partnerships and firm performance of listed commercial banks in Kenya

The aim of the research was to investigate the effects of strategic partnerships on the performance of listed commercial Banks in Kenya. Descriptive design was adopted. This research included all the employees of banks listed in the NSE. The source of information were both primary and secondary. The respondents agreed that diffusion of technology affect performance of listed banks in Kenya as shown by a mean of 0.7907. The participants revealed that creating a strategic alliance can permit complete admission to knowledge and proficiency in an area that a firm does not have as revealed by a mean of 0.6279. The study indicated that cost synergies affect performance of listed commercial banks in Kenya. The research recommends that the management of commercial banks should continue looking in to forming strategic partnerships, this will help in achieving cooperative objectives and at the same time reduce inter competition and business risks. The study further recommends that before partnership agreements are finalized it is extremely important to identify managers who are foreseen as credible across the company

A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY: UNDERSTANDING INNER CITY AFRICAN AMERICAN ADOLESCENT EXPOSURES TO LITERACY

Underrepresented children of color living in poverty have become over-represented as unsuccessful literacy students. Within the last 20 years, new instructional practices have been developed to help practitioners better meet the needs of children often unintentionally neglected by traditional instruction. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship inner city African American adolescents have with literacy. This topic explored home-based literacy exposure, the role engagement with the Eurocentric literary canon has on English class performance, and the relationship students have with literacy in and out of school. Areas considered were the influence of family, home-based literacy exposure, and culturally relevant pedagogy. In tandem with the literature, a transcendental phenomenological qualitative approach was applied. By interviewing high school students, a firsthand account was gauged regarding their experience and exposure to literacy. From the verbatim transcripts, codes were established and categorized to inform the three emergent themes of this study

Validity of the SF-36 Health Survey as an outcome measure for trials in people with spinal cord injury

The SF-36 was interviewer-administered to 305 subjects at recruitment. Feasibility, content validity and internal consistency were assessed. We tested a priori hypotheses about discriminative, convergent and divergent validity. Interviewer-assisted administration was feasible. The content validity of several domains (Physical Function, Role Physical, Social Function and Role Emotional) was compromised by the irrelevance of some items and response options. Resultant ceiling and floor effects may limit the SF-36?s ability to detect changes over time. The SF-36 was able to discriminate differences between people with: tetraplegia versus paraplegia (in the Physical Function and Physical Composite scores); injuries that were recent ( 4 years) (in the Vitality, Social Function and Mental Health domain and Mental Composite scores), and who were employed versus unemployed (in the Physical Function, Social Function, Mental Health and Mental Composite scores). It was not able to discriminate between groups dichotomised by age, injury completeness or gender. The convergent and divergent validity of all SF-36 domains was as in other populations, except for correlations involving the Physical Function scale which were poor. Internal consistency was similar to that in other populations (Cronbach?s alpha from 0.75 to 0.92); the SF-36 has sufficient precision for population-based and clinical research in spinal cord injury. The SF-36 is useful for comparing the health status of people with spinal cord injury to that of other populations, but supplementation with a disease-specific health status measure may be necessary for trials of interventions in people with spinal cord injuries.Quality of life, outcome measures, sf-36

Importancia de la evaluación y estandartización analgésica en servicios de emergencia

OBJETIVOS: Conhecer a medicação antiálgica utilizada em pacientes que sofreram acidentes de transporte, o padrão analgésico e pontuar a intensidade da dor. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, exploratório e longitudinal com abordagem quantitativa, que abrangeu 100 pacientes envolvidos em acidentes de transporte admitidos para tratamento em hospital referência para trauma. RESULTADOS: A dor foi identificada em 90,0% dos pacientes, sendo as de forte e média intensidade as mais frequentes; não se encontrou prescrição antiálgica em 48% dos casos. Maior uso medicamentoso foi encontrado em vítimas com lesões em membros e nos sete casos em que a dor foi totalmente aliviada, 5 (66,7%) foram utilizados opióides. CONCLUSÃO: A dor é um fenômeno comum associado ao trauma com sub-tratamento e sub-avaliação em nosso meio, e o uso de opióides para dores reconhecidamente muito intensas ainda é um recurso pouco utilizado na emergência, mesmo em pacientes hemodinamicamente estáveis e com Escala de Coma de Gasglow=15.OBJECTIVES: To describe the types of analgesic medication used by patients who had automobile accidents and to identify standardization of analgesic medication and measurement of pain intensity. METHODS: This was a descriptive longitudinal quantitative study with 100 patients who had automobile accidents from a trauma designated hospital. RESULTS: The majority of patients (90.0%) reported having pain. High and moderate levels of pain intensity were the most commonly reported by the patients. There was no prescription of analgesic medication for 48% of the patients. Patients with limb lesions received more analgesic medication than those with other types of lesions. Among 7 patients who had complete pain relief, 5 of them (66.7%) received opioid medication. CONCLUSIONS: Pain is a common symptom associated with inadequate evaluation and management. The use of opioid medication to relief high intensity pain in trauma patients in emergency services is not a common practice even for those patients who are hemodynamically stable and having a score of 15 on the Glasgow Coma Scale.OBJETIVOS: Conocer los medicamentos antiálgicos utilizados en pacientes que sufrieron accidentes de transporte, conocer el estándar analgésico y dar puntajes a la intensidad del dolor. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, exploratorio y longitudinal con abordaje cuantitativo, que comprendió 100 pacientes que sufrieron accidentes de transporte y fueron admitidos para tratamiento en un hospital de referencia para tratamiento de traumas. RESULTADOS: El dolor fue identificado en 90,0% de los pacientes, siendo los dolores más frecuentes los de fuerte y media intensidad; no se encontró prescripción antiálgica en 48% de los casos. El mayor uso medicamentoso fue encontrado en víctimas con lesiones en miembros y entre los siete casos en que el dolor fue totalmente aliviado, en 5 (66,7%) fueron utilizados opiáceos. CONCLUSIÓN: El dolor es un fenómeno común asociado al trauma con sub-tratamiento y sub-evaluación en nuestro medio, y el uso de opiáceos para dolores reconocidamente muy intensos también es un recurso poco utilizado en emergencias, inclusive en pacientes hemodinámicamente estables y con Escala de Coma de Gasglow=15

An Empirical Analysis of Money, Exchange Rate and Inflation Dynamics in Sudan

The issue of the direction of dynamic causality among macroeconomic variables has been a divisive issue among the economists. It is argued that an exogenous expansion in money supply leads to a long-run cumulative causation among macroeconomic variables. Domestic monetary expansion causes domestic interest rates to fall, initiating an incipient capital outflows and a subsequent depreciation of domestic currency. This process, in tum, raises domestic prices via the prices of imported goods, which results in subsequent fall of domestic real money balances and wages. Maintaining such an-accommodative monetary policy can doubtlessly give rise to exchange rate-inflation spiral that can generate and sustain a vicious dynamic process --of -rising prices '-and depreciating exchange rate which can plague the economy for a long time. The main objective of this study is to examine and analyze the nature of the causality among money, exchange rate, nominal wages, domestic inflation and real output in the context of the Sudanese economy from 1970 to 1999. The study attempts to determine the direction of causality among the variables and suggest appropriate policy actions that the concerned authorities might employ to break this vicious dynamic causality in order to stabilize the performance of the Sudanese economy. To achieve this, the study employs the cointegration techniques and vector error-correction model (VECM) to analyze this dynamic causal relationships using annual data on money supply, exchange rate, nominal wages, consumer price index, and real output. While the Johansen cointegration tests indicate two cointegrating equations (exchange rate and money), the Granger-causality tests indicate that inflation, nominal wages and inflation are weakly exogenous variables. The empirical results indicate that, in the short run, a rise in consumer price index (inflation) and money supply cause the exchange rate to depreciate, while a rise in nominal wages and real output cause the exchange rate to appreciate. However, in the long run, while a rise in consumer price index and real output causes the exchange rate to appreciate, a rise in money supply results in exchange rate depreciation. In addition, a rise in exchange rates (depreciation) and consumer price index in the short run causes money supply to rise while a rise in nominal wages reduces it. However, in the long run, a rise in domestic prices, exchange rate (depreciation) and real output cause money supply to rise

Time to presentation and diagnosis of esophageal cancer in patients seen at the Kenyatta National Hospital

Background: Esophageal Cancer (EC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death in Kenya. Majority of the patients with esophageal cancer at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) present at an advanced stage limiting their treatment options. Objective: To determine diagnostic time lines and factors associated with delayed health care service delivery among patients with established histological diagnosis of EC at KNH. Design and Setting: A retrospective diagnostic cohort study was carried out at the Cardiothoracic, endoscopy and radiotherapy units at KNH.Results: Eighty-five participants with established histological diagnosis of EC consented and were enrolled into the study. Majority (89.4%) were diagnosed in stage III and IV of the disease. The median time to  histological diagnosis of EC was 90 days. The time to first presentation was more than 30 days among 78.8% of subjects. The median time from first consultation to referral to a diagnostic-capable facility was 30 days, with 76.5% of the participants taking more than 30 days to reach KNH. Those who could not afford transport and consultation were more likely to report delay to first presentation (OR 3.6 95% CI 1.2-11.3, p=0.022). Referral delay was associated with residence, with those living in the rural areas less likely to delay (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.0-0.8, p=0.019). Conclusion: Overall this study found that there was significant delay in the diagnostic process of EC patients. Over 75% of the patients delayed in presenting for the first consultation, being referred to higher level facilities, getting an endoscopy done and receiving histological diagnosis.  Consequently, about 90% of the patients were diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease