La primauté du droit : la situation des immigrants et des réfugiés en droit canadien au regard des Chartes et des textes internationaux

The « rule of law » which for a long time was considered as an unwritten part of the Constitution now enjoys full constitutional status. Its enshrining in the preamble of the Canadian Charter sheds considerable light on the manner in which the rights and freedoms of the Charter should be perceived. The author opens his discussion by examining the impact that the constitutionalization of the « rule of law » has had on immigrants and refugees in Canada. As the Immigration Act of 1976 confers numerous discretionary powers which could result in their abusive use, the author analyses how the Human Rights charters applicable in Canada and in Quebec can insure the legal protection of immigrants and refugees. In the second part of his study, the author discusses the principal international texts ratified by Canada which have as their purpose the protection of the rights of immigrants and refugees. As international law is not « self-enforcing » in Canada, the author shows how the internal legal community conforms to the international obligations contracted by Canada

Xantonas Prendadas de Rheedia acuminata (GUTTIFERAE)

Pyranojacareubin; 1,5-dihydroxy-6\',6\'-dimethyl-2H-pyran(2,,3\':6,7) -6",6"-dime-thyl-2H,4H-pyran(2",3":2,3)xanthone and a new xanthone l,6-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-6\',6\'-dime-thyl-2H-pyran(2\',3\':3,2)-7-(3,3-dimethylprop-2-enyl)xanthone were isolated from the ether extract of the root bark of Rheedia acuminata together with friedelin and friedelanol.Piranojacareubina; 1,5-diidroxi-6\',6\'-dimetil-2H-pirano(2\',3\':6,7)-6",6"-dimetil-2H,4H(2",3":2,3)xantona e uma xantona inédita 1,6-diidroxi-5-metoxi-6,6\'-dimetil-2H-pirano(2\',3\':3,2)-7-(3,3-dimetilprop-2-enil) xantona foram isoladas do extrato etèreo da casca da raiz de Rheedia acuminata além de friedelina e friedelanol

Constituintes voláteis das folhas e dos galhos de Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae) Volatile constituents from leaves and branches of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae)

Os óleos essenciais das folhas e dos galhos de Cinnamomum zeylanicum coletada no município de Manaus, estado do Amazonas, foram obtidos por hidrodestilação e analisados através de CG-EM. Vinte e três constituintes foram identificados nas folhas, dos quais o eugenol foi o que apresentou maior porcentagem (60%). Nos galhos foram identificados trinta e seis componentes, com predominância dos monoterpenos alfa- e beta-pineno (9,9%; 3,5%), alfa-felandreno (9,2%), p-cimeno (6,2%), limoneno (7,9%), linalol (10,6%); os sesquiterpenos alfa-copaeno (3,3%), (beta )-cariofileno (6,7%), óxido de cariofileno (3,1%) e os alilbenzenos (E)-cinamaldeído (7,8%) e acetato de (E)-cinamila (9,7%).<br>The essential oils of the leaves and branches "of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, collected at Manaus, state of Amazonas, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Twenty-three components were identified, of which eugenol, was the major (60%). Thirty-six components were identified in the branch oil, among them the monoterpenes alpha-pinene (9.9 %), beta-pinene (3.5 %), alpha phellandrene (9.2 %), p-cymene (6.2%), limonene (7.9%), linalool (10.6%) were the most abundant, followed by the sesquiterpenes alpha-copaene (3.3%), (beta)-caryophyllene (6.7%), caryophyllene oxide (3.1%) and the allybenzenes (E)-cinnamaldehyde (7.8%), (E)-cinnamyl acetate (9.7%)

ESTUDO QUÍMICO DAS SEMENTES E CASCA DA MADEIRA DE GUAREA TRICHILIOIDES (MELIACEAE)

Da casca da madeira de Guarea trichilioides foram isoladas e identificadas através de métodos espectrométricos as antraquinonas crisofanol e fisciona e das sementes o limonóide 7-desacetoxi-7-hidroxiazadirona. Da fração lipofílica das sementes foram ainda identificados por co-injeçao de padrões, através de cromatografia gasosa os ácidos esteárico, palmítico e linolênico

Volatiles, A Glutarimide Alkaloid and Antimicrobial Effects of Croton pullei (Euphorbiaceae)

Chemical investigation of Croton pullei (Euphorbiaceae) collected in the Brazilian Amazon region was revisited. The chemical composition of the essential oils of leaves and stems was analyzed by GC/MS. It was found that both the oils comprise mainly terpenes, among which linalool was the major one (24.90 and 39.72%, respectively). Phytochemical investigation of the stem methanol extract led to the isolation of a new natural product from the glutarimide alkaloid group named N-[2,6-dioxo-1-(2-phenylethyl)-3-piperidinyl]-acetamide, confirming that C. pullei is a rich source of this class of alkaloids. The hexane and methanol extracts of the stems of C. pullei showed moderate antibacterial and antifungal activity and the highest inhibition was observed when the methanol extract was tested against Staphylococcus aureus CCMB 262 and CCMB 263

Lupane triterpenoids, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity of Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg

Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química. Belém, PA, Brazil.Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Coordenação de Botânica. Programa de Capacitação Institucional. Belém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química. Belém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química. Belém, PA, Brazil / Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Belém, PA, Brazil.Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Belém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia. Belém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química. Belém, PA, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Chemical composition of the methanol extract of Myrciaria floribunda leaves was investigated. The nor-lupane triterpenoids platanic acid and messagenic I acid were identified, along with other known triterpenoids (betulinic aldehyde, ursolic acid acetate and betulinic acid), a new lupane triterpenoid (2α,6α,30-trihydroxybetulinic acid) and the flavonoids catechin, quercetrin and mirycitrin. The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods (NMR, LC-MS, GC-MS). The major isolated compound was betulinic acid. The methanol extract and 2α,6α,30-trihydroxybetulinic acid were evaluated for their DPPH scavenging potential. The tested triterpenoid was one hundred times more active than betulinic acid, but less active than the extract. Screening for antimicrobial activity showed that the methanol extract was active against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, but inactive against Candida albicans and Candida krusei, while 2α,6α,30-trihydroxybetulinic acid was inactive to all tested microorganisms

Leishmanicidal Activity of (+)-Phyllanthidine and the Phytochemical Profile of Margaritaria nobilis (Phyllanthaceae)

The effects of the Securinega alkaloid (+)-phyllanthidine on Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and the first chemical investigation of Margaritaria nobilis L.f. (Phyllanthaceae) are described. Treating the parasites with this alkaloid caused a dose-dependent reduction in promastigote growth of 67.68% (IC50 82.37 μg/mL or 353 µM) and in amastigote growth of 83.96% (IC50 49.11 μg/mL or 210 µM), together with ultrastructural alterations in the promastigotes. No cytotoxic effect was detected in mammalian cells (CC50 1727.48 µg/mL or CC50 5268 µM). Classical chromatographic techniques and spectral methods led to the isolation and identification of betulinic acid, kaempferol, corilagin, gallic acid and its methyl ester, besides (+)-phyllanthidine from M. nobilis leaves and stems. Margaritaria nobilis is another source of the small group of Securinega alkaloids, together with other Phyllanthaceae (Euphorbiaceae s.l.) species. The low toxicity to macrophages and the effects against promastigotes and amastigotes are suggestive that (+)-phyllanthidine could be a promising antileishmanial agent for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis

Chemical characterisation of the constituents of Eugenia protenta McVaugh and leishmanicidal activity of dimethylxanthoxylin

Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química. Belém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química. Belém, PA, Brazil / Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Coordenação de Botânica. Programa de Capacitação Institucional. Belém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Laboratório de Protozoologia e Biologia Estrutural. Belém, PA, Brazil / Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química. Belém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Laboratório de Protozoologia e Biologia Estrutural. Belém, PA, Brazil / Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Belém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química. Belém, PA, Brazil / Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Belém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica. Belém, PA, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica. Belém, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica. Belém, PA, Brasil.The chemical study of Eugenia protenta McVaugh extracts performed by classical and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques and spectral methods has led to the identification of known triterpenoids, flavonoids and an acetophenone derivative (dimethylxanthoxylin). The effect of dimethylxanthoxylin on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis was evaluated against the promastigotes forms after 96 h of treatment. Dimethylxanthoxylin reduced 57 and 59% of the promastigotes growth when treated with 50 and 100 μg/mL solutions, respectively (IC50 117.35 μg/mL or 52.3 μM). Cytotoxicity experiments using MTT assays showed that this substance did not promote cell death after 24 h of treatment. Dimethylxanthoxylin was active on the promastigotes and could be a promising agent for treating leishmaniasis

Lupane triterpenoids, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity of <i>Myrciaria floribunda</i> (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg.

<p>Chemical composition of the methanol extract of <i>Myrciaria floribunda</i> leaves was investigated. The nor-lupane triterpenoids platanic acid and messagenic I acid were identified, along with other known triterpenoids (betulinic aldehyde, ursolic acid acetate and betulinic acid), a new lupane triterpenoid (2α,6α,30-trihydroxybetulinic acid) and the flavonoids catechin, quercetrin and mirycitrin. The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods (NMR, LC-MS, GC-MS). The major isolated compound was betulinic acid. The methanol extract and 2α,6α,30-trihydroxybetulinic acid were evaluated for their DPPH scavenging potential. The tested triterpenoid was one hundred times more active than betulinic acid, but less active than the extract. Screening for antimicrobial activity showed that the methanol extract was active against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i>, but inactive against <i>Candida albicans</i> and <i>Candida krusei</i>, while 2α,6α,30-trihydroxybetulinic acid was inactive to all tested microorganisms.</p