Criminologia e seletividade punitiva: considerações sobre a Comarca de Concórdia/SC

Considering that the State's power to punish meets formal limits within the Brazilian legal system, the objective is to identify elements that could be isolated and that would demonstrate the functions of racial prejudice in motivating a punitive selectivity that relativizes the state of innocence and if such phenomenon can be observed in Concórdia/SC. The theoretical framework used is constituted by critical criminology and the guaranteeing theories of Law and Criminal Procedure. Deductive methodology was applied, using the literature review technique in addition to the analytical-descriptive methodology as well as the analysis of possible paradigmatic cases and their analytical comparisons with the guiding principles of criminal proceedings. It is concluded that the data collected demonstrated the overrepresentation of blacks and browns in the prison system, which makes it possible to identify the phenomenon of punitive selectivity in a concrete way. This assignment was accomplished with the aid of the research grant of the State of Santa Catarina - UNIEDU/FUMDES.Considerando que o poder de punir do Estado encontra limites formais dentro do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, objetiva-se identificar elementos que poderiam ser isolados e que demonstrariam as funções do preconceito racial na motivação de uma seletividade punitiva que relativiza o estado de inocência e se tal fenômeno pode ser observado na Comarca de Concórdia/SC. O marco teórico utilizado é constituído pela criminologia crítica e pelas teorias garantistas do Direito e do Processo Penal. Aplicou-se metodologia dedutiva, utilizando técnica de revisão bibliográfica além de metodologia analítica-descritiva, bem como a análise de possíveis casos paradigmáticos e suas comparações analíticas com os princípios norteadores do processo penal. Conclui-se que os dados coletados demonstraram a sobrerrepresentação de pretos e pardos no sistema penitenciário, o que possibilita identificar o fenômeno da seletividade punitiva de forma concreta. Este trabalho foi realizado com o apoio ao Programa de Bolsas Universitárias do Estado de Santa Catarina - UNIEDU/FUMDES

CONTRIBUIÇÕES DAS PRODUÇÕES ACADÊMICAS AO ENSINO E APRENDIZAGEM DA MATEMÁTICA NOS ANOS INICIAIS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL

Mathematics is present in various contexts of the child, therefore, the understanding of its concepts and relationships with everyday life needs to be developed, from the early years of Elementary School. This study aims to analyze the contributions of academic productions to the process of teaching and learning mathematics in the early years of elementary school. The nature of this research is qualitative and the data collection was carried out in the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations using the descriptors: “mathematics” and “initial years”. Data organization follows the assumptions of Discursive Textual Analysis (MORAES; GALIAZZI, 2016). The research corpus consisted of 16 works organized in inductively created categories, as follows: a) Organization of the process b) Dialogic mediation c) Problem solving. The reflections raised from the categories dialogue with the assumptions of the historical-cultural conception. The results reveal that the appropriation of mathematical concepts and the development of abilities to calculate, compare and solve problems involve several superior mental processes. The process of teaching and learning mathematics is complex and requires constant intermediation from the teacher. The activities that involve solving problems provide the expansion of knowledge and autonomy of the child.La matemática está presente en diversos contextos del niño, por lo tanto, es necesario desarrollar la comprensión de sus conceptos y relaciones con la vida cotidiana, desde los primeros años de la Enseñanza Primaria. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las contribuciones de las producciones académicas al proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de las matemáticas en los primeros años de la escuela primaria. La naturaleza de esta investigación es cualitativa y la recolección de datos se realizó en la Biblioteca Digital Brasileña de Tesis y Disertaciones utilizando los descriptores: “matemáticas” y “años iniciales”. La organización de los datos sigue los supuestos del Análisis Textual Discursivo (MORAES; GALIAZZI, 2016). El corpus de investigación está compuesto 16 trabajos organizados en categorías creadas inductivamente: a) Organización del proceso b) Mediación dialógica c) Resolución de problemas. Las reflexiones suscitadas desde las categorías dialogan con los presupuestos de la concepción histórico-cultural. Los resultados revelan que la apropiación de conceptos matemáticos y el desarrollo de habilidades para calcular, comparar y resolver problemas involucran varios procesos mentales superiores. El proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de las matemáticas es complejo y requiere una constante intermediación por parte del docente. Las actividades que involucran la resolución de problemas propician la ampliación del conocimiento y la autonomía del niño.A matemática está presente em vários contextos da criança, por isso, a compreensão dos seus conceitos e relações com o cotidiano necessita ser desenvolvida desde os Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Este estudo objetiva analisar as contribuições das produções acadêmicas para o processo de ensino e aprendizagem da matemática nos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. A natureza desta pesquisa é qualitativa, e o levantamento de dados foi realizado na Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações, com o uso dos descritores “matemática” e “anos iniciais”. A organização dos dados segue os pressupostos da Análise Textual Discursiva (MORAES; GALIAZZI, 2016). O corpus da pesquisa foi constituído por 16 trabalhos, organizados em categorias criadas indutivamente, conforme segue: a) Organização do processo; b) Mediação dialógica; c) Resolução de problemas. As reflexões suscitadas das categorias dialogam com os pressupostos da concepção histórico-cultural. Os resultados revelam que a apropriação de conceitos matemáticos e o desenvolvimento das habilidades de calcular, comparar e resolver problemas envolve diversos processos mentais superiores. O processo de ensino e aprendizagem de matemática é complexo e requer a intermediação constante do professor. As atividades que envolvem a resolução de problemas propiciam a ampliação de conhecimentos e a autonomia da criança

Preparation and characterization of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with the flavonoid luteolin, by using factorial design.

Nanoparticles containing luteolin flavonoid were prepared by using interfacial polymer deposition following solvent displacement. The formulation was optimized using factorial design. The parameters studied were the type of polymer [poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)], nature oil (isodecyl oleate and oleic acid) and the quantity of luteolin. Nanocapsules and nanospheres were also prepared and evaluated. Colloidal suspensions were characterized by evaluating pH, the particle size, the zeta potential, the morphological aspect and the kinetic release. A new High Performance Liquid Chromatography method was developed and validated in order to quantify luteolin in colloidal suspension allowing the analyses of the absolute recovery, entrapment efficiency and the kinetic release. The luteolin-absolute recovery ranged from 61.6% to 95%; entrapment efficiency was nearly 100% in all formulations and the particle sizes were smaller than 185.5 nm. The nanoparticles prepared with isodecyl oleate show a negative zeta potential. On the other hand, when oleic acid was utilized, the zeta potential was positive. The nanoparticles prepared by using isodecyl oleate have a more perfect spherical shape with a regular surface and form, homogeneity, and lower size dispersion. Nanocapsules and nanospheres have a similar release mechanism of pure diffusion according with Korsmeyer-Peppas’s model

A IMPORTÂNCIA DO ÁCIDO ASCÓRBICO NO COMBATE AO ENVELHECIMENTO

A pele é uma barreira de proteção contra o meio externo e exerce diversas funções fisiológicas importantes, dentre elas, a absorção de ativos anti- envelhecimento. O uso da vitamina C ou ácido ascórbico, bem como, das derivações, apresentam diversas finalidades de tratamentos estéticos, como o combate do envelhecimento cutâneo, através da atenuação dos danos causados pelos radicais livres. Sendo assim, é relevante que os profissionais tenham um conhecimento satisfatório sobre tais ativos e suas associações, para assim, potencializarem a obtenção dos resultados terapêuticos. Compondo uma formulação, o ácido ascórbico pode se apresentar de várias formas, seja através de propriedade antioxidante ou despigmentante, e com capacidade de estimular a síntese de colágeno. Há uma preocupação a respeito do envelhecimento cutâneo, e dessa forma, muitos ativos são testados e colocados no mercado com o intuito de serem consumidos e de alguma forma retardar esse processo. Desta forma, a nanotecnologia, formulações baseadas em nanopartículas, vem aperfeiçoando as formulações cosméticas e as deixando mais estáveis e com alta eficiência de penetração cutânea, servindo como um aliado para retardar o envelhecimento cutâneo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a atuação do ácido ascórbico nas alterações decorrentes do envelhecimento cutâneo

Preparation and characterization of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with the flavonoid luteolin, by using factorial design

Nanoparticles containing luteolin flavonoid were prepared by using interfacial polymer deposition following solvent displacement. The formulation was optimized using factorial design. The parameters studied were the type of polymer [poly(-caprolactone) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)], nature oil (isodecyl oleate and oleic acid) and the quantity of luteolin. Nanocapsules and nanospheres were also prepared and evaluated. Colloidal suspensions were characterized by evaluating pH, the particle size, the zeta potential, the morphological aspect and the kinetic release. A new High Performance Liquid Chromatography method was developed and validated in order to quantify luteolin in colloidal suspension allowing the analyses of the absolute recovery, entrapment efficiency and the kinetic release. The luteolin-absolute recovery ranged from 61.6% to 95%; entrapment efficiency was nearly 100% in all formulations and the particle sizes were smaller than 185.5 nm. The nanoparticles prepared with isodecyl oleate show a negative zeta potential. On the other hand, when oleic acid was utilized, the zeta potential was positive. The nanoparticles prepared by using isodecyl oleate have a more perfect spherical shape with a regular surface and form, homogeneity, and lower size dispersion. Nanocapsules and nanospheres have a similar release mechanism of pure diffusion according with Korsmeyer-Peppas’s model.CNPqCAPESFAPES

Número de aplicações e uso de adjuvantes, adicionados à fungicidas no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja.

O uso de aditivos na calda dos fungicidas é recomendado pelos fabricantes, porém, o efeito de diferentes associações fungicida x adjuvantes é pouco conhecida. Foram realizados experimentos nas safras 2009/2010 e 2010/2011, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adição de adjuvantes de diferentes naturezas químicas, sendo eles óleos mineral, óleo vegetal, e adjuvantes siliconados adicionados aos fungicidas picoxistrobina + ciproconazol, todos com uma e duas aplicações, totalizando doze tratamentos + testemunha (sem fungicida). Avaliou-se número de lesões, urédias, e porcentagem de área lesionada pela doença. Na safra 2010/2011, durante a segunda aplicação, foram utilizados papeis hidrossensíveis, avaliou-se diâmetro da mediana volumétrica (DMV), diâmetro da mediana numérica (DMN), coeficiente de variação de gotas (CV), densidade (número de gotas cm-²), volume recuperado (L ha-1) e área coberta pela calda fungicida (%). Nas duas safras, todos os adjuvantes associados ao fungicida proporcionaram redução na AACPD. Na Safra 2010/2011, os tratamentos com Silwet® e Nimbus®, em geral, resultou em maiores valores de DMV, CV, DMN, volume recuperado e porcentagem de área coberta. A adição de adjuvante siliconado, óleos minerais ou óleos vegetais ao fungicida são eficazes e não diferem do adjuvante Nimbus®, recomendado pelo fabricante dos fungicidas utilizados

Preparation and characterization of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with the flavonoid luteolin, by using factorial design.

Nanoparticles containing luteolin flavonoid were prepared by using interfacial polymer deposition following solvent displacement. The formulation was optimized using factorial design. The parameters studied were the type of polymer [poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)], nature oil (isodecyl oleate and oleic acid) and the quantity of luteolin. Nanocapsules and nanospheres were also prepared and evaluated. Colloidal suspensions were characterized by evaluating pH, the particle size, the zeta potential, the morphological aspect and the kinetic release. A new High Performance Liquid Chromatography method was developed and validated in order to quantify luteolin in colloidal suspension allowing the analyses of the absolute recovery, entrapment efficiency and the kinetic release. The luteolin-absolute recovery ranged from 61.6% to 95%; entrapment efficiency was nearly 100% in all formulations and the particle sizes were smaller than 185.5 nm. The nanoparticles prepared with isodecyl oleate show a negative zeta potential. On the other hand, when oleic acid was utilized, the zeta potential was positive. The nanoparticles prepared by using isodecyl oleate have a more perfect spherical shape with a regular surface and form, homogeneity, and lower size dispersion. Nanocapsules and nanospheres have a similar release mechanism of pure diffusion according with Korsmeyer-Peppas’s model

Nanopartículas de poli-'épsilon'-caprolactona carregadas com hidrocortisona: preparação usando planejamento fatorial e sua avaliação

Polymeric-nanoparticle systems such as nanocapsules and nanospheres have a great potential in applications for nanoencapsulation of corticosteroids which show low solubility in water. The physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticle suspensions are important pre-requisites for the successful development of new dosage form. In this study, hydrocortisone-loaded poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles have been prepared by the interfacial deposition method. A 3-factor 2-level factorial design was used to study and optimize nanoparticles formulation. This factorial design was used to study the contrasts and effects of independent variables on particle size distribution, morphology, surface charge, drug content, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release profiles. The screened independent variables were: the concentration of hydrocortisone, poly-ε-caprolactone and isodecyl oleate. A High Performance Liquid Chromatography method was developed and validated for hydrocortisone quantification. Special attention was given to both absolute recovery and entrapment efficiency. The results of optimized formulations showed a narrow size distribution with a polydispersity index near to 0.200. The particle sizes were on average 109.2 and 236.5nm to nanospheres and nanocapsules, respectively. In the best formulations the zeta potential was higher than 30 mV (in module) and the absolute recovery and entrapment efficiency were higher 82% and nearly 60%, respectively. The main variables were the quantity of the polymer and of the oil. Nanoparticles observed by the Scanning Electron Microscope depicted extremely spherical shape. In vitro release studies were performed through dialysis with continuous stream. Nanocapsules and nanospheres showed a similar pure diffusion release mechanism according to Korsmeyer-Peppas’s model.CNPqCAPESFAPES