Interkingdom interactions shape the fungal microbiome of mosquitoes

Background: The mosquito microbiome is an important modulator of vector competence and vectoral capacity. Unlike the extensively studied bacterial microbiome, fungal communities in the mosquito microbiome (the mycobiome) remain largely unexplored. To work towards getting an improved understanding of the fungi associated with mosquitoes, we sequenced the mycobiome of three field-collected and laboratory-reared mosquito species (Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus). Results: Our analysis showed both environment and host species were contributing to the diversity of the fungal microbiome of mosquitoes. When comparing species, Ae. albopictus possessed a higher number of diverse fungal taxa than Cx. quinquefasciatus, while strikingly less than 1% of reads from Ae. aegypti samples were fungal. Fungal reads from Ae. aegypti were < 1% even after inhibiting host amplification using a PNA blocker, indicating that this species lacked a significant fungal microbiome that was amplified using this sequencing approach. Using a mono-association mosquito infection model, we confirmed that mosquito-derived fungal isolates colonize Aedes mosquitoes and support growth and development at comparable rates to their bacterial counterparts. Strikingly, native bacterial taxa isolated from mosquitoes impeded the colonization of symbiotic fungi in Ae. aegypti suggesting interkingdom interactions shape fungal microbiome communities. Conclusion: Collectively, this study adds to our understanding of the fungal microbiome of different mosquito species, that these fungal microbes support growth and development, and highlights that microbial interactions underpin fungal colonization of these medically relevent species

Potent Cell-Intrinsic Immune Responses in Dendritic Cells Facilitate HIV-1-Specific T Cell Immunity in HIV-1 Elite Controllers

The majority of HIV-1 elite controllers (EC) restrict HIV-1 replication through highly functional HIV-1-specific T cell responses, but mechanisms supporting the evolution of effective HIV-1-specific T cell immunity in these patients remain undefined. Cytosolic immune recognition of HIV-1 in conventional dendritic cells (cDC) can facilitate priming and expansion of HIV-1-specific T cells; however, HIV-1 seems to be able to avoid intracellular immune recognition in cDCs in most infected individuals. Here, we show that exposure of cDCs from EC to HIV-1 leads to a rapid and sustained production of type I interferons and upregulation of several interferon-stimulated effector genes. Emergence of these cell-intrinsic immune responses was associated with a reduced induction of SAMHD1 and LEDGF/p75, and an accumulation of viral reverse transcripts, but inhibited by pharmacological blockade of viral reverse transcription or siRNA-mediated silencing of the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS. Importantly, improved cell-intrinsic immune recognition of HIV-1 in cDCs from elite controllers translated into stronger abilities to stimulate and expand HIV-1-specific CD8 T cell responses. These data suggest an important role of cell-intrinsic type I interferon secretion in dendritic cells for the induction of effective HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells, and may be helpful for eliciting functional T cell immunity against HIV-1 for preventative or therapeutic clinical purposes

Cultural Practices in the Socio-Cultural Space of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: An Exhibition Dedicated to the 175th Anniversary of Surikov in Krasnoyarsk

Исследование посвящено анализу культурных практик в области искусства в социально-культурном пространстве Красноярского края на основании представления о культурных практиках как активно формирующих идентичность разного уровня (социальную, локально-региональную, глобально-региональную, национальную и т.д.). Основной метод исследования – культурологический анализ культурных практик Красноярского края в их историческом контексте. Принимая во внимание, что теория культурных практик формируется в настоящее время, понятие «культурные практики» рассмотрено авторами как функциональный механизм культуры, благодаря которому реализуются конструктивные процессы трансляции и изменения социоцентрической и культуросозидающей деятельности в конкретном социокультурном пространстве. При этом поликультурное и исторически сформированное под влиянием большого количества факторов социально-культурное пространство Красноярского края представляет особый интерес с позиции анализа культурных практик в области искусства. В статье представлен анализ масштабного выставочного проекта – выставки, посвященной 175-летию В. И. Сурикова, созданной при активном сотрудничестве двух сильных акторов культурной жизни Красноярска и края, Красноярского художественного музея им. В. И. Сурикова и Музейного центра «Площадь Мира». Интересен этот проект и тем, что обращается к предельно значимой для региональной идентичности фигуре художника со всероссийской славой – Василия Ивановича Сурикова, прославившего Красноярск, ставшего классиком русской живописи и не утратившего своей связи с Сибирью – ни в жизни, ни в творчествеThe study is devoted to the analysis of cultural practices in the field of art in the socio-cultural space of the Krasnoyarsk Territory based on the idea of cultural practices as actively shaping the identity of different levels (social, local-regional, global-regional, national, etc.). Taking into account that the theory of cultural practices is being formed at the present time, the concept of “cultural practices” is considered by the authors as a functional mechanism of culture, thanks to which the constructive processes of translation and change of sociocentric and culture-creating activities in a particular sociocultural space are realized. At the same time, the socio-cultural space of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which is multicultural and historically formed under the influence of a large number of factors, is of particular interest from the standpoint of analyzing cultural practices in the field of art. The article presents an analysis of a large-scale exhibition project – an exhibition dedicated to the 175th anniversary of V. I. Surikov, created with the active cooperation of two strong actors in the cultural life of Krasnoyarsk and the region, the Krasnoyarsk Art Museum. IN AND. Surikov and the Peace Square Museum Center. This project is also interesting in that it refers to the figure of the artist with all-Russian fame, extremely significant for regional identity – Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, who glorified Krasnoyarsk, became a classic of Russian painting and did not lose his connection with Siberia – both in life and in creativit

Regional Originality of the Grand Style: Siberian Modern

В статье рассматривается проблема определения сибирского модерна в качестве самостоятельного явления в архитектуре Сибири начала XX столетия. Выявляются черты модерна в архитектуре Красноярска, созданной выдающимися сибирскими архитекторами рубежа XIX–$ 5X веков В. А. Соколовским и Л. А. Чернышёвым. В качестве репрезентантов рассматриваются особняк В. Н. Гадаловой В. А. Соколовского – образец городского особняка с усадебной территорией и особняк архитектора Л. А. Чернышева, являющегося также автором проекта знаменитого на всю Россию Красноярского краевого краеведческого музея, построенного им как стилизация под древнеегипетский храм. Сибирский модерн в архитектуре Красноярска начала XX века носит эклектичный, но целостный характер, демонстрируя высокий уровень эстетического мышления и инженерных решений. Также рассматриваются три примера обращения современного художественного сообщества к культурному наследию архитектуры модерна – на примере города Томска: архитектура служит источником вдохновения и рефлексии. Обнаруживается способность архитектуры модерна стать в одном случае «холстом» для работ художников, в другом – объектом исследования, поднимать проблемные для города и для художника вопросыThe article examines the problem of defining Siberian Art Nouveau as an independent phenomenon in the architecture of Siberia at the beginning of the 20th century. The features of modernism are revealed in the architecture of Krasnoyarsk, created by the outstanding Siberian architects of the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries V. A. Sokolovsky and L. A. Chernyshev. As a representatives are being studied the mansion of V. N. Gadalova V. A. Sokolovsky – an example of a city mansion with a manor area and a mansion of the architect L. A. Chernyshev, who is also the author of the project of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Museum of Local Lore, famous throughout Russia, which he built as a stylization of an ancient Egyptian temple. Siberian Art Nouveau in the architecture of Krasnoyarsk at the beginning of the 20th century is eclectic but holistic in nature, demonstrating a high level of aesthetic thinking and engineering solutions. Three examples of the modern artistic community’s appeal to the cultural heritage of modern architecture are also considered – using the example of the city of Tomsk: architecture serves as a source of inspiration and reflection. The ability of modern architecture to become, in one case, a “canvas” for artists’ works, and in another, an object of research, is revealed, to raise problematic issues for the city and for the artis

Microbial interactions in the mosquito gut determineSerratiacolonization and blood-feeding propensity

How microbe–microbe interactions dictate microbial complexity in the mosquito gut is unclear. Previously we found that, Serratia, a gut symbiont that alters vector competence and is being considered for vector control, poorly colonized Aedes aegypti yet was abundant in Culex quinquefasciatus reared under identical conditions. To investigate the incompatibility between Serratia and Ae. aegypti, we characterized two distinct strains of Serratia marcescens from Cx. quinquefasciatus and examined their ability to infect Ae. aegypti. Both Serratia strains poorly infected Ae. aegypti, but when microbiome homeostasis was disrupted, the prevalence and titers of Serratia were similar to the infection in its native host. Examination of multiple genetically diverse Ae. aegypti lines found microbial interference to S. marcescens was commonplace, however, one line of Ae. aegypti was susceptible to infection. Microbiome analysis of resistant and susceptible lines indicated an inverse correlation between Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and Serratia, and experimental co-infections in a gnotobiotic system recapitulated the interference phenotype. Furthermore, we observed an effect on host behavior; Serratia exposure to Ae. aegypti disrupted their feeding behavior, and this phenotype was also reliant on interactions with their native microbiota. Our work highlights the complexity of host–microbe interactions and provides evidence that microbial interactions influence mosquito behavior

La Sibérie comme champ de transferts culturels

Entre le monde russe auquel il appartient et les mondes chinois ou mongol qui le bordent l’espace sibérien, espace immense dont l’Altaï constitue une des régions aux traditions les plus riches, est un trait d’union entre l’Europe et l’Asie mais aussi un véritable conservatoire de langues, de religions, d’ethnies dont les relations, qui concernent l’histoire locale mais aussi celle de l’Eurasie dans la longue durée sont encore insuffisamment explorées. Les phénomènes de réinterprétation, de resémantisation, liés au passage d’objets culturels d’un contexte culturel ou national à un autre, passages dans l’espace et passages dans le temps, peuvent constituer un fil directeur dans l’approche de ce territoire. Ces transferts diachroniques ou synchroniques sont d’ordre linguistique, ils concernent aussi l’histoire des cultures mises en contact, ils s’analysent à partir de la littérature, de l’expression artistique, de l’anthropologie, des traditions religieuses et obligent à solliciter nombre de disciplines pour comprendre un phénomène de recomposition permanente des identités à partir de la circulation des objets culturels

Novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles malaria vectors from Sub-Saharan Africa

Background: Wolbachia , a common insect endosymbiotic bacterium that can influence pathogen transmission and manipulate host reproduction, has historically been considered absent from the Anopheles (An.) genera, but has recently been found in An. gambiae s.l. populations.  As there are numerous Anopheles species that have the capacity to transmit malaria, we analysed a range of species to determine Wolbachia prevalence rates, characterise novel Wolbachia strains and determine any correlation between the presence of Plasmodium , Wolbachia  and the competing endosymbiotic bacterium Asaia . Methods: Anopheles adult mosquitoes were collected from five malaria-endemic countries: Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ghana, Uganda and Madagascar, between 2013 and 2017.  Molecular analysis of samples was undertaken using quantitative PCR, Sanger sequencing, Wolbachia multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene.  Results : Novel Wolbachia strains were discovered in five species: An. coluzzii , An. gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis , An. moucheti and An. species ‘A’, increasing the number of Anopheles species known to be naturally infected. Variable prevalence rates in different locations were observed and novel strains were phylogenetically diverse, clustering with Wolbachia supergroup B strains.  We also provide evidence for resident strain variants within An . species ‘A’.  Wolbachia is the dominant member of the microbiome in An. moucheti and An. species ‘A’, but present at lower densities in An. coluzzii .  Interestingly, no evidence of Wolbachia/Asaia co-infections was seen and Asaia infection densities were also shown to be variable and location dependent.  Conclusions: The important discovery of novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles provides greater insight into the prevalence of resident Wolbachia strains in diverse malaria vectors.  Novel Wolbachia strains (particularly high-density strains) are ideal candidate strains for transinfection to create stable infections in other Anopheles mosquito species, which could be used for population replacement or suppression control strategies

Novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles malaria vectors from Sub-Saharan Africa.

Background:  Wolbachia, a common insect endosymbiotic bacterium that can influence pathogen transmission and manipulate host reproduction, has historically been considered absent from the  Anopheles (An.) genera, but has recently been found in  An. gambiae s.l. populations in West Africa.  As there are numerous  Anopheles species that have the capacity to transmit malaria, we analysed a range of species across five malaria endemic countries to determine  Wolbachia prevalence rates, characterise novel  Wolbachia strains and determine any correlation between the presence of  Plasmodium,  Wolbachia and the competing bacterium  Asaia. Methods:  Anopheles adult mosquitoes were collected from five malaria-endemic countries: Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ghana, Uganda and Madagascar, between 2013 and 2017.  Molecular analysis was undertaken using quantitative PCR, Sanger sequencing,  Wolbachia multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the bacterial  16S rRNA gene.  Results: Novel  Wolbachia strains were discovered in five species:  An. coluzzii,  An. gambiae s.s.,  An. arabiensis,  An. moucheti and  An. species A, increasing the number of  Anopheles species known to be naturally infected. Variable prevalence rates in different locations were observed and novel strains were phylogenetically diverse, clustering with  Wolbachia supergroup B strains.  We also provide evidence for resident strain variants within  An. species A.  Wolbachia is the dominant member of the microbiome in  An. moucheti and  An. species A but present at lower densities in  An. coluzzii.  Interestingly, no evidence of  Wolbachia/Asaia co-infections was seen and  Asaia infection densities were shown to be variable and location dependent.  Conclusions: The important discovery of novel  Wolbachia strains in  Anopheles provides greater insight into the prevalence of resident  Wolbachia strains in diverse malaria vectors.  Novel  Wolbachia strains (particularly high-density strains) are ideal candidate strains for transinfection to create stable infections in other  Anopheles mosquito species, which could be used for population replacement or suppression control strategies

A common haplotype lowers PU.1 expression in myeloid cells and delays onset of Alzheimer's disease

A genome-wide survival analysis of 14,406 Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases and 25,849 controls identified eight previously reported AD risk loci and 14 novel loci associated with age at onset. Linkage disequilibrium score regression of 220 cell types implicated the regulation of myeloid gene expression in AD risk. The minor allele of rs1057233 (G), within the previously reported CELF1 AD risk locus, showed association with delayed AD onset and lower expression of SPI1 in monocytes and macrophages. SPI1 encodes PU.1, a transcription factor critical for myeloid cell development and function. AD heritability was enriched within the PU.1 cistrome, implicating a myeloid PU.1 target gene network in AD. Finally, experimentally altered PU.1 levels affected the expression of mouse orthologs of many AD risk genes and the phagocytic activity of mouse microglial cells. Our results suggest that lower SPI1 expression reduces AD risk by regulating myeloid gene expression and cell function

Экологические социальные ценности, характерные для различных демографических групп Красноярского края

The main areas of topical researches in the field of ecological values of various social groups, their influence on pro-environmental behavior and connection with environmental knowledge in Russia and other countries are studied in the article. The existing ecological situation in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is identified. The results of practical studies that reveal the contradictory nature of the value orientations of various demographic groups in the Krasnoyarsk Territory are considered. Conclusions about the current situation of this field of knowledge in the largest region of Siberia – both in the scientific community and in the public sphere are madeВ статье рассмотрены основные направления актуальных исследований в области экологических ценностей различных социальных групп, их влияние на экологическое поведение и связи с экологическими знаниями в России и за рубежом. Определена существующая экологическая ситуация в Красноярском крае. Рассмотрены результаты практических исследований, выявляющих противоречивый характер ценностных ориентаций различных демографических групп Красноярского края. Сделаны выводы о текущем положении этой области знания в крупнейшем регионе Сибири – как в научной среде, так и в публичной сфер