Subjetividade e formação do leitor: o problema da ausência da leitura literária nos livros didáticos do Ciclo 1 do Ensino Fundamental

A formação do leitor exige processos de subjetivação. Não há possibilidade de enlaçar o sujeito à prática leitora sem que seja tocada sua memória afetiva, tramada a partir dos muitos discursos que a constituem, vários deles tensionados pela linguagem poética. Logo, compreende-se que a leitura significativa apenas se efetiva quando é permitido ao leitor atuar por meio da subjetividade, fazendo verter do texto lido o encontro de si com outras possibilidades discursivas. Nesse sentido, a presença do texto literário desde os primeiros anos do ensino fundamental torna-se fulcral, na medida em que se trata de campo privilegiado para o reposisionamento subjetivo pela apropriação dos letramentos de prestígio. Entretanto, boa parte da ação escolar que objetiva a formação de leitores parece desconsiderar a vinculação entre subjetividade e leitura e, consequentemente, a relevância da leitura literária em seu espaço. Tal concepção conduz à aplicação de atividades centradas na apropriação de operações que habilitam a criança a esquadrinhar os textos sem comprometê-la efetivamente com a leitura em seu potencial formativo. Submetem, portanto, os sujeitos à condição de leitores funcionais, imobilizando posições discursivas construídas historicamente. Essas constatações resultam de pesquisa focada nas propostas de leitura veiculadas pelos livros didáticos (LD) de língua portuguesa do ciclo 1 do Ensino Fundamental. Tendo em vista que o LD é importante objeto difusor de discursos, a pesquisa alerta para a necessidade de rever os fundamentos das abordagens concernentes à formação do leitor, sobretudo no momento inaugural de sua jornada

The Effect of Recombinant Erythropoietin on Plasma Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Patients with Affective Disorders: A Randomised Controlled Study

<div><p>The study aims to investigate the effect of repeated infusions of recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) on plasma brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in patients with affective disorders. In total, 83 patients were recruited: 40 currently depressed patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 items (HDRS-17) score >17) (study 1) and 43 patients with bipolar disorder (BD) in partial remission (HDRS-17 and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) ≤ 14) (study 2). In both studies, patients were randomised to receive eight weekly EPO (Eprex; 40,000 IU) or saline (0.9% NaCl) infusions in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel—group design. Plasma BDNF levels were measured at baseline and at weeks 5, 9 and at follow up, week 14. In contrast with our hypothesis, EPO down regulated plasma BDNF levels in patients with TRD (mean reduction at week 9 (95% CI): EPO 10.94 ng/l (4.51-21.41 ng/l); mean increase at week 9: Saline 0.52 ng/l, p=0.04 (-5.88-4.48 ng/l) p=0.04, partial ŋ²=0.12). No significant effects were found on BDNF levels in partially remitted patients with BD (p=0.35). The present effects of EPO on BDNF levels in patients with TRD point to a role of neurotrophic factors in the potential effects of EPO seen in TRD and BD. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying these effects and the interaction between EPO and peripheral levels on BDNF need to be further elucidated in human studies including a broad range of biomarkers.</p><p>Trial Registration</p><p>ClinicalTrials.gov: <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00916552" target="_blank">NCT00916552</a>.</p></div

Results for all unipolar patients with treatment resistant depression (N = 39), df (1,39).

<p>At baseline (week 1), half-way through treatment (week 5), and upon treatment completion (week 9) and follow-up week 14. Factor time, P* and factor time by treatment group interaction including baseline and week 9 BDNF levels (weeks 1,9) and baseline, week 5, and week 9 BDNF levels (weeks 1-5-9). Covariates for repeated-measures ANCOVA in all analyses: age and gender.</p><p>BDNF levels ng/l (in brackets, Mean Standard Deviation).</p

Plasma Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels according to treatment group in patients with treatment resistant depression.

<p>Plasma Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels according to treatment group in patients with treatment resistant depression.</p

Patients with bipolar disorder characteristics.

<p>In brackets: Mean Standard Deviation</p><p>Abbreviations: EPO: erythropoietin; BMI: body mass index; HDRS-17: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17 items; YMRS Young Mania Rating Scale.</p><p>Patients with bipolar disorder characteristics.</p

CONSORT Flow Diagram.

<p>CONSORT Flow Diagram.</p

Patients with unipolar treatment resistant depression characteristics.

<p>In brackets: Mean Standard Deviation</p><p>Abbreviations: EPO: erythropoietin; BMI: body mass index; HDRS-17: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17 items; TRAQ: Treatment Response to Antidepressants Questionnaire; ECT: electroconvulsive treatment, SSRI: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, SNRI: Selective Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors, MAOI: Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, TCA: Tricyclic Antidepressants.</p><p>* Medical treatment history was evaluated using treatment response to antidepressants questionnaire (TRAQ) (Posternak, 2004). Each antidepressant medication and each combination of different antidepressants or add-on treatment with other classes of drugs were assessed as separate antidepressants trials.</p><p>**No patients made changes in their medication from weeks 1–9; after week 9, medication change was performed for eight patients (EPO: N = 2; saline: N = 6).</p><p>Patients with unipolar treatment resistant depression characteristics.</p

Multiple linear regressions between cognitive functions and parameters of glucose metabolism, fitness, body composition and inflammation.

a<p>Statistical analysis are performed on logarithmic transformed data. Model is adjusted by age, gender and verbal intelligence. A low z-score are considered as low cognitive score. Memory score is measures of RAVLT; processing speed is composite score of SDMT and Trail making A; Executive functions is composite score of Trail making B and word mobilizations tests; and composite overall cognitive score is a mean of all cognitive test scores.</p

Additional file 1: of Type 2 diabetes and obesity induce similar transcriptional reprogramming in human myocytes

Supplementary materials and methods. (PDF 348 kb

Quartiles of variables related to cognitive function.

<p>For each variable related to cognitive function, quartiles and risk score is calculated and summarized to a “cumulative risk score” for each individual (between zero and twelve).</p