Les fêtes républicaines de la Révolution française et Vantiquité grecque

Οι δημοκρατικές γιορτές ήταν ένας νέος θεσμός που λειτούργησε στη Γαλλία από το 1789 ώς το τέλος του ι800. Πρόκειται για ένα σύστημα δημόσιων τελετών συνδεδεμένων με τη νέα «πολιτική θρησκεία» η οποία αντικατέστησε," για ένα διάστημα, το καθολικό δόγμα και τις τελετουργίες του. Σκοπός τους ήταν η διάδοση των νέων αξιών που είχαν διατυπωθεί από το κίνημα του Διαφωτισμού, και πρότυπο τους οι δημόσιες τελετουργίες της αρχαίας Ελλάδας, ο χαρακτήρας των οποίων ανταποκρινόταν απόλυτα στα οράματα της επαναστατικής αστικής τάξης. Η ηθοπλαστική τους αξία είχε εξαρθεί τόσο από τον J.-J. Rousseau, μελετητή και θαυμαστή του Πλούταρχου, όσο και από τον Abbé Barthélémy, συγγραφέα του έργου Το Ταξίδι τον Νεαρού Ανάχαρση στην Ελλάδα, στο μέσο του 4ον> π-%- Αιώνα (1788).Η προσπάθεια αυτή της Γαλλικής Επανάστασης να εκριζώσει τις χριστιανικές καταβολές του γαλλικού πολιτισμού οδήγησε στην καθιέρωση, από την Convention, της θρησκείας του Υπέρτατου Όντοςκαι του εορτολογίου της. Ο μεγαλειώδης εορτασμός της εορτής του Υπέρτατου ' Οντος στο Παρίσι και σε όλες τις κοινότητες της χώρας, στις 20 πραιριάλ του δεύτερου έτους της Δήμοκρατίας, ήταν το αποκορύφωμα της επιστροφής στην αρχαιότητα. Ο θεσμός των δημοκρατικών γιορτών είναι ένα πρωτοφανές φαινόμενο για τον γαλλικό και τον ευρωπαϊκό πολιτισμό. Χάρη σ' αυτόν πλατιά στρώματα του γαλλικού λαού μυήθηκαν στις αξίες του αρχαίου ελληνικού πολιτισμού, που ήταν ώς τότε προνόμιο μιας ολιγάριθμης ελίτ λογίων και ανθρώπων των γραμμάτων. Σήμερα, στην αυγή του 2ΐου αιώνα, όπου ταφαινόμενα θρησκευτικού φανατισμού πληθαίνουν και θέτουν σε κίνδυνο τις ανθρώπινες ελευθερίες, βλέπουμε τον ουνιβερσαλισμό της γαλλικής σκέψης, θρεμμένης με την αρχαία ελληνική κληρονομιά, ως μια από τις σημαντικότερες όψεις της Γαλλικής Επανάστασης

Rethinking "Educació Lliure" An ethnographic and anthropological study of three alternative schools and educational projects in contemporary Catalonia

Esta tesis doctoral es un estudio etnográfico y antropológico sobre las escuelas y los proyectos educativos alternativos en la Cataluña contemporánea a partir de tres casos, una escuela privada, una escuela pública y un proyecto educativo autogestionado. A través de la observación participante y entrevistas, su objetivo es describir las propuestas pedagógicas y las prácticas reales, y explorar las cosmovisiones y la participación de las madres y los padres. Además, se trata de un análisis contextualizado, crítico y comparativo a partir de las propuestas pedagógicas, las relaciones de poder, la pertenencia y los procesos de transmisión y aprendizaje cultural, tanto intencional como incidental. El estudio muestra cómo las escuelas y los proyectos educativos alternativos pueden ser tanto lugares de control y obediencia como de libertad, espacios de reproducción social y transformación social. Por un lado, se transmiten valores hegemónicos e individualistas, se ignora la injusticia social y se produce segregación social y cultural. Por otro lado, también se transmiten valores alternativos, comunitarios, se construyen relaciones horizontales y se promueve la democracia directa. En última instancia, la tesis sostiene que a través del desaprendizaje colectivo intencional, rompiendo los límites de las tribus escolares y expandiendo el apoyo mutuo hacia todas y todos, podrían desarrollarse más elementos con potencial transformadorΤhis PhD thesis is an ethnographic and anthropological study of alternative schools and educational projects in contemporary Catalonia based on three cases, a private school, a public school, and a self-managed educational project. Through participant observation and interviews, it aims to describe their pedagogical proposals and actual practices and explore parental world views and involvement. It also attempts a contextualized, critical, and comparative analysis based on the pedagogical proposals, power relations, belongingness, and the cultural transmission and learning processes, both intentional and incidental. The study shows how alternative schools and educational projects may be both places of control and obedience and freedom, spaces of social reproduction and social transformation. On the one hand, hegemonic, individualistic values are transmitted, social injustice is ignored, while social and cultural segregation is produced. On the other hand, alternative, communitarian values are also transmitted, horizontal relations are built, and direct democracy is promoted. The thesis ultimately argues that through intentional collective unlearning, breaking the limits of the school tribes, and expanding mutual aid towards all, more elements with transformative potential could unwrap

Assessing the visual impacts of surface mining: a systematic review

This paper provides a systematic review of the methodologies used to evaluate the visual impacts of surface mining. The main objectives are: (a) to analyse the scientific literature and identify the most important issues and the methods and tools used; (b) to conduct an analysis using descriptive of statistical methods and qualitative interpretation; and (c) to evaluate the state of knowledge on this particular topic and identify gaps in the literature, to suggest future research directions. The findings of the analysis suggest that there is no single method capable of integrating all dimensions of the landscape and, thus, future research should put more emphasis on incorporating as many factors contributing to the visual impact of mining as possible towards developing holistic approaches

Setting rehabilitation priorities for abandoned mines of similar characteristics according to their visual impact: The case of Milos Island, Greece

Mine rehabilitation is nowadays an essential part of the mine life-cycle. Nevertheless, due to the inadequate legislative framework and the lack of appropriate financial instruments in the past, abandoned mined land is present in almost all regions with a mining history. Especially in times of fiscal and financial belt tightening, where direct funding is almost impossible, the restoration of abandoned mines becomes a difficult task and, consequently, prioritization of the restoration projects is necessitated. So far, several models have been developed for that purpose. The existing models, however, usually underestimate that, especially for non-reclaimed mines located close to populated areas, landscape degradation generated by surface mining is a critical factor. To this end, this paper presents, through an illustrative example, a new approach providing the means for prioritizing mine restoration projects based on the visibility of surface mines with regard to the neighboring areas of interest. The proposed approach can be utilized as an additional module in existing prioritization models, or it can be used standalone when considering a group of surface mines where what distinguishes them from each other is primarily the disturbance of the landscape

Moral values and their effect in medical practice. The moral level of medical science today. Legal speculations

Ethics is the “science which treats of human nature and the grounds of moral obligation; the science of human duty”. Medical ethics is that branch of applied philosophy which considers issues of values raised by medical practice, and should not be equated with «principlism». Differences in culture, resources, demand, level of development, and cultural and religious differences may alter ethical approaches around the world. The principles of medical ethics are beneficence, autonomy, disclosure of information, and social justice. Hippocrates is the highlight in the history of medicine. Before him, medicine was empirical and limited to observation. He is the one who created the foundations of scientific medicine, as we know it today. The practice of medicine has changed significantly from its Hippocratic roots. The requirement of competence endures. However, the doctor-patient relationship has changed, with more knowledgeable and demanding patients and the formal requirements of informed consent and respect for patient autonomy. The patient’s welfare is often complex and contested because medicine almost always has something else that could be done. The responsibilities of doctor for action or omissions at the exercise of his work are: responsibility penal, responsibility urban and responsibility disciplinary. In the Greek right up to the 1994, special legislative frame did not exist to adjust the medical responsibility. However, from the 1994, the Greek right adopts the regulation of proposal of directive of E.E, on medical responsibility and incorporates it on its interior right (2251/1994). In this right amongst others are referred: 1) the interventional medical action (medical intervention) that, by its nature and according to its aim is imposed for medical reasons and constitutes a recommended choice based on the interests of patient’s is not illegal bodily damage nor an offence against the right of the patient’s self-determination in relation to his body and health. 2) The illegality of a medical action results from the contribution of additional factors, i.e. either medical error or its implementation without the valid consent of the patient (arbitrary medical action). 3) In the case of arbitrary medical action, the doctor violates his legal (and conventional) obligation and the medical action constitutes an illegal offence against the personality of the patient, 4) The patient has claim of re-establishment of the harm caused by each damage to the body and his health that is caused by the arbitrary medical action (respectively and in the case of causing patient’s death), and 5) The patient bears the weight of proof of lack of valid consent or sufficient briefing . In this case article 8 n. 2251/1994 should not be applied. With this legislative regulation the arsenal of the patient was strengthened decisively

A systematic review of the use of environmental economics in the mining industry

Environmental economics is increasingly being used in project appraisals, environmental liability estimates and design of market-based instruments. Mining, an actor capable of causing adverse effects on the environment, human health and well-being, has already been affected by these developments, at a great extent. Up to date, several research studies have been carried out to monetise the externalities of mining projects. Nevertheless, a systematic review of these publications has not been carried out, yet. This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by investigating (i) the main non-market valuation techniques used; (ii) the main external costs or benefits of mining projects monetised; and (iii) the monetary estimates of mining-related externalities. The analysis shows that practically all economic valuation techniques have been implemented towards assessing, in monetary terms, the mining impacts on the environment. However, the findings from the statistical analysis reveal a wide range of monetary estimates, which are attributed not only to the valuation methods and assumptions used but also to the specific characteristics of the mining projects in question. Also, the research draws directions for future work, as the analysis of the published studies indicates areas of limited availability of estimates or high heterogeneity between the available estimates

A systematic review of the use of environmental economics in the mining industry

Environmental economics is increasingly being used in project appraisals, environmental liability estimates and design of market-based instruments. Mining, an actor capable of causing adverse effects on the environment, human health and well-being, has already been affected by these developments, at a great extent. Up to date, several research studies have been carried out to monetise the externalities of mining projects. Nevertheless, a systematic review of these publications has not been carried out, yet. This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by investigating (i) the main non-market valuation techniques used; (ii) the main external costs or benefits of mining projects monetised; and (iii) the monetary estimates of mining-related externalities. The analysis shows that practically all economic valuation techniques have been implemented towards assessing, in monetary terms, the mining impacts on the environment. However, the findings from the statistical analysis reveal a wide range of monetary estimates, which are attributed not only to the valuation methods and assumptions used but also to the specific characteristics of the mining projects in question. Also, the research draws directions for future work, as the analysis of the published studies indicates areas of limited availability of estimates or high heterogeneity between the available estimates