Leprosy frequency in the world, 1999-2010

In 1991, the World Health Organization (WHO) committed to reducing the prevalence of leprosy to below 1 in 10,000 inhabitants by 2000. Significant improvements in leprosy control have occurred, but leprosy remains a public health problem in many countries due to its high incidence and rate of transmission. This paper reviews data published by the WHO in the years 2000, 2005 and 2010. These data sets included 148 countries or territories that reported to the WHO at least once. Only four countries reported higher prevalence rates in 2010 than in 2000 and eight reported higher case detection rate (CDR) in 2009 than in 1999. Prevalence rate reductions were greater for the first five-year period examined, while CDR reductions were greater in the second five-year period. Thirty-six countries and territories reported at least one prevalence value higher than 1 per 10,000 inhabitants and 32 reported at least one CDR value higher than 9 per 100,000 inhabitants. A total of 39 countries fit at least one of these criteria and all were located in tropical regions

Sobremortalidade por diarréia simultânea à cólera na região Nordeste do Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate excess mortality due to infectious diarrhea without etiological diagnosis, occurring simultaneously to Vibrio cholerae circulation. METHODS: Statistical modeling was applied to a time series of deaths ascribed to "poorly defined intestinal infections" (International Classification of Diseases - ICD-9) and "presumably infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis" (ICD-10), between 1980 and 1998 in the Northeast Region of Brazil. The prediction of expected values was obtained after a discontinuity point. Excess mortality was calculated as the difference between observed figures and those estimated by the model. RESULTS: Between 1992 and 1994, only 19.3% of deaths by cholera were actually notified. In 1993, the year in which the epidemic reached its peak in the area, our modeling estimated underregistration at 82.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate substantial underregistration of cholera mortality during the epidemic in Northeastern Brazil.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a sobremortalidade por diarréia infecciosa, sem diagnóstico etiológico, simultânea à circulação do Vibrio cholerae. MÉTODOS: Foi aplicada modelagem estatística à série histórica dos óbitos ocorridos por "infecções intestinais mal definidas" (Classificação Internacional de Doenças - CID-9) e "diarréia e gastroenterite de origem infecciosa presumível" (CID-10), entre 1980 e 1998, na região Nordeste. Foi obtida a predição de valores esperados a partir de um ponto de descontinuidade. O excesso de mortalidade foi calculado pela diferença entre o observado e o estimado pelo modelo. RESULTADOS: Entre 1992 e 1994, apenas 19,3% dos óbitos por cólera foram efetivamente registrados. Em 1993, ano em que a epidemia atingiu seu ponto máximo na região, a presente modelagem leva a uma estimativa de sub-registro de 82,2%. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados apontam um grande sub-registro da mortalidade por cólera durante a epidemia na região Nordeste

Morbidade por tuberculose e desempenho do programa de controle em municípios brasileiros, 2001-2003

OBJECTIVE: To analyze Brazilian municipalities according to morbidity and effectiveness of epidemiological inspection control of tuberculosis and AIDS. METHODS: Exploratory analysis of two non-hierarchical data clusters of epidemiological inspection data on tuberculosis and AIDS, and operational indicators of the Programa Nacional de Controle de Tuberculose (National Tuberculosis Control Program), from 2001 to 2003. The distribution was stratified in metropolitan areas and priority municipalities, according to the size of the population. The association between morbidity clusters and effectiveness was evaluated by the Chi-square test, with analysis of residues in order to identify significant associations. RESULTS: Out of the five morbidity clusters, the concerning epidemiological situation occurs in municipalities with high incidence of Aids, with high or low incidence of tuberculosis, prevailing in the Southeast and South of Brazil and larger cities. Out of the six program effectiveness clusters, moderate and average effectiveness are significantly associated to priority municipalities, in metropolitan areas with more than 80 thousand inhabitants. Clusters with average and poor effectiveness represent 10% of municipalities with elevated treatment drop out and low rates of cure. The "no data" cluster is associated with the very low incidence of tuberculosis and AIDS cluster. CONCLUSIONS: The findings reflect inadequacy of inspection concerning the epidemiological reality in Brazil: precarious social factors associated with tuberculosis and AIDS and insufficient effectiveness of the control program.OBJETIVO: Analisar os municípios brasileiros segundo morbidade e desempenho do controle da vigilância epidemiológica de tuberculose e Aids. MÉTODOS: Análise exploratória de dois grupos de clusters não hierárquicos de dados de vigilância epidemiológica de tuberculose e Aids, e indicadores operacionais do Programa Nacional de Controle de Tuberculose, período de 2001 a 2003. A distribuição foi estratificada nas regiões metropolitanas e municípios prioritários, segundo o tamanho da população. A associação entre clusters de morbidade e desempenho foi avaliada pelo qui-quadrado, com análise de resíduos para identificar associações significantes. RESULTADOS: Dos cinco clusters de morbidade, a situação epidemiológica preocupante ocorre nos municípios com alta incidência de Aids, com alta ou baixa incidência de tuberculose, predominantes no Sudeste e Sul do Brasil, e nos grandes municípios. Dos seis clusters de desempenho do programa, desempenhos moderado e regular estão significantemente associados aos municípios prioritários, de regiões metropolitanas e com mais de 80 mil habitantes. Clusters regular e fraco concentram 10% dos municípios com abandono de tratamento elevado e baixa taxa de cura. O cluster "sem dados" está associado ao cluster de incidência muito baixa de tuberculose e Aids. CONCLUSÕES: Os achados refletem inadequação da vigilância à realidade epidemiológica do Brasil: precários fatores sociais associados à tuberculose e Aids e desempenho insuficiente do programa de controle

The influence of increased access to basic healthcare on the trends in Hansen's disease detection rate in Brazil from 1980 to 2006

A taxa de detecção da hanseníase no Brasil aumentou nas duas últimas décadas do século XX, sendo que a reforma sanitária ocorreu no mesmo período. A taxa de detecção é função da incidência real de casos e da agilidade diagnóstica do sistema de saúde. Utilizou-se a cobertura vacinal por BCG como uma variável procuradora do acesso à atenção primária em saúde. Uma regressão log-normal foi ajustada à taxa de detecção de 1980 a 2006, com o tempo, tempo ao quadrado e da cobertura do BCG como variáveis independentes, sendo positivo o coeficiente de regressão desta última variável, sugerindo que o comportamento da taxa de detecção da hanseníase refletiu a melhora de acesso à atenção primária no período estudado. A tendência de aumento da taxa de detecção se reverte em 2003, indicando o início de uma nova fase no controle da hanseníase.Brazilian Hansen's disease detection rate rose during the 80s and 90s of the 20th century. The Brazilian health system reform happened during the same period. Detection rate is a function of the real incidence of cases and the diagnostic agility of the health system. Coverage of BCG immunization in infants was used as a proxy variable for primary healthcare coverage. A log-normal regression model of detection rate as a function of BCG coverage, time and time square was adjusted to data. The detection rate presents an upward trend throughout the period and with a downturn beginning in 2003. The model showed a statistically significant positive regression coefficient for BCG coverage, suggesting that detection rate behavior reflects the improvement of access to health care. The detection rate began a trend towards decline in 2003, indicating a new phase of Hansen's disease control

A clinical trial for uniform multidrug therapy for leprosy patients in Brazil : rationale and design

Leprosy will continue to be a public health problem for several decades. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that, for treatment purposes, leprosy cases be classified as either paucibacillary or multibacillary (MB). A uniform leprosy treatment regimen would simplify treatment and halve the treatment duration for MB patients. The clinical trial for uniform multidrug therapy (U-MDT) for leprosy patients (LPs) in Brazil is a randomised, open-label clinical trial to evaluate if the effectiveness of U-MDT for leprosy equals the regular regimen, to determine the acceptability of the U-MDT regimen and to identify the prognostic factors. This paper details the clinical trial methodology and patient enrolment data. The study enrolled 858 patients at two centres and 78.4% of participants were classified as MB according to the WHO criteria. The main difficulty in evaluating a new leprosy treatment regimen is that no reliable data are available for the current treatment regimen. Relapse, reaction and impaired nerve function rates have never been systematically determined, although reaction and impaired nerve function are the two major causes of nerve damage that lead to impairments and disabilities in LPs. Our study was designed to overcome the need for reliable data about the current treatment and to compare its efficacy with that of a uniform regimen

Physical disabilities caused by leprosy in 100 million cohort in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Leprosy continues to be an important cause of physical disability in endemic countries such as Brazil. Knowledge of determinants of these events may lead to better control measures and targeted interventions to mitigate its impact on affected individuals. This study investigated such factors among the most vulnerable portion of the Brazilian population. METHODS: A large cohort was built from secondary data originated from a national registry of applicants to social benefit programs, covering the period 2001-2015, including over 114 million individuals. Data were linked to the leprosy notification system utilizing data from 2007 until 2014. Descriptive and bivariate analyses lead to a multivariate analysis using a multinomial logistic regression model with cluster-robust standard errors. Associations were reported as Odds Ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Among the original cohort members 21,565 new leprosy cases were identified between 2007 and 2014. Most of the cases (63.1%) had grade zero disability. Grades 1 and 2 represented 21 and 6%, respectively. Factors associated with increasing odds of grades 1 and 2 disability were age over 15 years old (ORs 2.39 and 1.95, respectively), less schooling (with a clear dose response effect) and being a multibacillary patient (ORs 3.5 and 8.22). Protective factors for both grades were being female (ORs 0.81 and 0.61) and living in a high incidence municipality (ORs 0.85 and 0.67). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the developing of physical disabilities remains a public health problem which increases the burden of leprosy, mainly for those with severe clinical features and worse socioeconomic conditions. Early diagnosis is paramount to decrease the incidence of leprosy-related disability and our study points to the need for strengthening control actions in non-endemic areas in Brazil, where cases may be missed when presented at early stages in disease. Both actions are needed, to benefit patients and to achieve the WHO goal in reducing physical disabilities among new cases of leprosy

Epidemiological characteristics and temporal trends of new leprosy cases in Brazil: 2006 to 2017.

Our study aims to describe trends in new case detection rate (NCDR) of leprosy in Brazil from 2006 to 2017 overall and in subgroups, and to analyze the evolution of clinical and treatment characteristics of patients, with emphasis on cases diagnosed with grade 2 physical disabilities. We conducted a descriptive study to analyze new cases of leprosy registered in the Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases (SINAN), from 2006-2017. We calculated the leprosy NCDR per 100,000 inhabitants (overall and for individuals aged < 15 and ≥ 15 years) by sex, age, race/ethnicity, urban/rural areas, and Brazilian regions, and estimated the trends using the Mann-Kendall non-parametric test. We analyzed the distributions of cases according to relevant clinical characteristics over time. In Brazil, there was a sharp decrease in the overall NCDR from 23.4/100,000 in 2006 to 10.3/100,000 in 2017; among children < 15 years, from 6.94 to 3.20/100,000. The decline was consistent in all Brazilian regions and race/ethnicity categories. By 2017, 70.2% of the cases were multibacillary, 30.5% had grade 1 (G1D) or 2 (G2D) physical disabilities at diagnosis and 42.8% were not evaluated at treatment completion/discharge; cases with G2D at diagnosis were mostly detected in urban areas (80%) and 5% of cases died during the treatment (leprosy or other causes). Although the frequency of leprosy NCDR decreased in Brazil from 2006 to 2017 across all evaluated population groups, the large number of cases with multibacillary leprosy, physical disabilities or without adequate evaluation, and among children suggest the need to reinforce timely diagnosis and treatment to control leprosy in Brazil