Cartografia do retardo estatural em escolares do Estado da Paraíba, Brasil

OBJECTIVE: The study is part of a project financed by the United Nations (FAO) and the Ministry of Education of Brazil (Fundação de Assistência ao Escolar) which intends to evaluate the nutritional status of public schools students in order to estimate, giving emphasis to geographical aspects, the magnitude and distribution of statural deficit of this population in the Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil. METHODS: Schoolchildren, aged 6-9 years and enrolled in the first grade inall municipalities of Paraíba state went through a height survey. We consider as statural deficit values below -2 standard deviations according to the anthropometric pattern of National Center of Health Statistics. RESULTS: A frequency of 14.5% of statural deficit was found in the whole state , as well as 18.7% in the semidesertic region (sertão), 13.8% in Agreste area, 11.9% in Borborema region and 10.9% in Mata zone. In rural area, the prevalence of statural deficit was higher (17.8%) than for those living in urban area (11.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The results reveal a process of inlanding of statural deficit, which contrasts with historical descriptions of the geographical distribution of this problem in the Northeastern region of Brazil.OBJETIVO: Parte de um projeto promovido pelas Nações Unidas (FAO) e pelo Ministério da Educação do Brasil (Fundação de Assistência ao Escolar) para estudar a condição nutricional de alunos de educandários públicos, visa a avaliar, com um enfoque cartográfico, a magnitude e a distribuição espacial do déficit estatural de alunos de escolas públicas do Estado da Paraíba. MÉTODOS: Fez-se levantamento de caráter censitário da estatura de 50.144 escolares com idade de 6 a 9 anos, matriculados na primeira série do primeiro grau de todos municípios do Estado da Paraíba, considerando-se como déficit estatural os valores classificados abaixo de -2 "scores" z do padrão do National Center of Health Statistics. RESULTADOS: Em todo o Estado, 14,5% dos escolares foram considerados casos de nanismo, com uma distribuição heterogênea para as quatro mesorregiões fisiográficas estudadas: 18,7% no Sertão, 13,8% no Agreste, 11,9% na Borborema e 10,9% na Zona da Mata. Nas escolas da área rural, 17,8% dos alunos apresentavam déficit estatural, enquanto no meio urbano a prevalência de nanismo foi de 11,8%. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados encontrados são indicativos de um processo de interiorização da desnutrição, contrastando substancialmente com as descrições históricas sobre a cartografia do problema na região

SOD2 immunoexpression predicts lymph node metastasis in penile cancer

BACKGROUND: Superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2) is considered one of the most important antioxidant enzymes that regulate cellular redox state in normal and tumorigenic cells. Overexpression of this enzyme in lung, gastric, colorectal, breast cancer and cervical cancer malignant tumors has been observed. Its relationship with inguinal lymph node metastasis in penile cancer is unknown. METHODS: SOD2 protein expression levels were determined by immunohistochemistry in 125 usual type squamous cell carcinomas of the penis from a Brazilian cancer center. The casuistic has been characterized by means of descriptive statistics. An exploratory logistic regression has been proposed to evaluate the independent predictive factors of lymph node metastasis. RESULTS: SOD2 expression in more than 50% of cells was observed in 44.8% of primary penile carcinomas of the usual type. This expression pattern was associated with lymph node metastasis both in the uni and multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that SOD2 expression predicts regional lymph node metastasis. The potential clinical implication of this observation warrants further studies.Dr. Lara Termini (FAPESP 2005/57274-9); Dr. Luisa Lina Villa (FAPESP 2008/57889-1 and CNPq 573799/2008-3)

Common evaluations of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis reach discordant classifications across different populations

Objectives: The classification of disease activity states in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be achieved through disease activity indices, such as the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR), the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), and the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI). Subjective measurements, such as patient reported outcomes have been incorporated into several of these indices alongside more objective assessments, such as increases in the ESR and C-reactive protein. Moreover, while they use similar criteria, different indices weight these criteria to different extents. Therefore, the classifications based on each evaluation may not always be the same. We aim to compare the performance of the three indices and their individual components in two different populations. Methods: Data from Dutch and Portuguese adherent centers were extracted from the METEOR database, a multinational collaboration on RA. We included a total of 24,605 visits from Dutch centers (from 5,870 patients) and 20,120 visits from Portuguese centers (from 3,185 patients). We compared the disease activity states as evaluated by the DAS28-ESR, CDAI, and SDAI across the two populations. In addition, we analyzed the individual components of each evaluation, including their respective contributions to the outcome, in each population. Results: We found significant differences in the disease activity states classified with the DAS28-ESR between the two populations. SDAI and CDAI had more congruous results. While the proportion of visits to Dutch and Portuguese centers that were classified as "in remission" was very similar between the CDAI and SDAI, the DAS28-ESR gave discordant results. Dutch patients had lower ESRs, which is more heavily weighted in the DAS28-ESR. In addition, even though the mean physicians' global assessment values did not vary significantly for Dutch vs Portuguese physicians, we found that doctors at Portuguese centers overall scored the physician's global assessment lower than Dutch physicians for patient visits classified by disease activity state. Conclusion: While the CDAI and SDAI assigned disease activity states that were largely similar, the DAS28-ESR was often discordant across the two populations. Moreover, we found that physicians, more than patients, evaluated disease activity differently among the Portuguese and Dutch populations. © 2018 Canhão, Rodrigues, Gregório, Dias, Melo Gomes, Santos, Faustino, Costa, Allaart, Gvozdenovic, van der Heijde, Machado, Branco, Fonseca and Silva