Beyond NGOization: Challenging Neoliberalism in a Chilean Trade Union School

This paper presents the results of a descriptive case study of an NGO-based trade union school in Chile. The NGO is called the Alejandro Lipschutz Institute of Science (ICAL-Spanish acronym)

Development of an in vitro method for detection of Clostridium botulinum types A and E using real-time PCR

Specific primers for C. botulinum types A and E neurotoxin genes were evaluated both from the literature and of own construction. Furthermore, a real-time system with specific hybridisation probes was designed for C. botulinum type E neurotoxin gene, and is under construction for type A. Sequencing of part of the neurotoxin gene for type E showed some differences with sequences reported in GenBank. The PCR methods were optimised regarding amplification efficiency, linear range and specificity. The detection limit for type E using real-time PCR is at least 0,1 ng/ml, corresponding to 0,4 pg of total DNA in the tube, and at least 0,5 ng/ml (2,5 pg of total DNA) for type A using conventional PCR. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR was used to study the relative expression of the neurotoxin gene in different growth phases

Health-risk behaviour in deprived neighbourhoods compared with non-deprived neighbourhoods:a systematic literature review of quantitative observational studies

There has been increasing interest in neighbourhoods' influence on individuals' health-risk behaviours, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and diet. The aim of this review was to systematically review recent studies on health-risk behaviour among adults who live in deprived neighbourhoods compared with those who live in non-deprived neighbourhoods and to summarise what kind of operationalisations of neighbourhood deprivation that were used in the studies.PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews were followed. Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Sociological Abstracts using relevant search terms, Boolean operators, and truncation, and reference lists were scanned. Quantitative observational studies that examined health-risk behaviour in deprived neighbourhoods compared with non-deprived neighbourhoods were eligible for inclusion.The inclusion criteria were met by 22 studies. The available literature showed a positive association between smoking and physical inactivity and living in deprived neighbourhoods compared with non-deprived neighbourhoods. In regard to low fruit and vegetable consumption and alcohol consumption, the results were ambiguous, and no clear differences were found. Numerous different operationalisations of neighbourhood deprivation were used in the studies.Substantial evidence indicates that future health interventions in deprived neighbourhoods should focus on smoking and physical inactivity. We suggest that alcohol interventions should be population based rather than based on the specific needs of deprived neighbourhoods. More research is needed on fruit and vegetable consumption. In future studies, the lack of a uniform operationalisation of neighbourhood deprivation must be addressed

Considerations Toward how Movements Learn from and Educate each Other: Global Histories from Below from a Pedagogical Standpoint

Using the concept of world histories from below, we present research on the global flow of ideas, protest repertoires, and pedagogies across three social movements in three countries

Early life vaccination:Generation of adult-quality memory CD8⁺ T cells in infant mice using non-replicating adenoviral vectors

Intracellular pathogens represent a serious threat during early life. Importantly, even though the immune system of newborns may be characterized as developmentally immature, with a propensity to develop Th2 immunity, significant CD8+ T-cell responses may still be elicited in the context of optimal priming. Replication deficient adenoviral vectors have been demonstrated to induce potent CD8+ T-cell response in mice, primates and humans. The aim of the present study was therefore to assess whether replication-deficient adenovectors could overcome the risk of overwhelming antigen stimulation during the first period of life and provide a pertinent alternative in infant vaccinology. To address this, infant mice were vaccinated with three different adenoviral vectors and the CD8+ T-cell response after early life vaccination was explored. We assessed the frequency, polyfunctionality and in vivo cytotoxicity of the elicited memory CD8+ T cells, as well as the potential of these cells to respond to secondary infections and confer protection. We further tested the impact of maternal immunity against our replication-deficient adenoviral vector during early life vaccination. Overall, our results indicate that memory CD8+ T cells induced by adenoviral vectors in infant mice are of good quality and match those elicited in the adult host

CONTRIBUIÇÕES DE SABINA SPIELREIN À PSICANÁLISE

Através da descoberta e revelação de documentos em 1977, a psicanalista Sabina Spielrein passou de longo período de esquecimento ao reconhecimento como um dos pilares do surgimento e propagação da Psicanálise na Europa. Entretanto, sua história de vida, repleta de drama e superação, ainda se sobrepõe ao legado teórico que Spielrein proporcionou para a comunidade psicanalítica. Sua principal herança à teoria e técnica construídas por Freud se deu através de suas preposições acerca do que, posteriormente, veio a ser conceituado como pulsão de morte; Spielrein também é responsável por importantes teorizações sobre o desenvolvimento da linguagem nas crianças. O objetivo deste ensaio é resgatar a história de vida desta psicanalista e discutir a teoria por ela formulada sobre linguística, teoria esta que somente foi descoberta anos depois de sua morte

Pharmacokinetics of prednisolone in children: an open-label, randomised, two-treatment cross-over trial investigating the bioequivalence of different prednisolone formulations in children with airway disease

Introduction: One in three Danish children under 3 years of age experience asthma-like symptoms, and one-third will later be diagnosed with asthma. Oral prednisolone is used in various formulations to treat acute asthma. However, the potential differences in bioequivalence between these formulations have never been examined in children despite interchangeable use in clinical practice. Methods and analysis: An open-label, randomised, two-treatment cross-over trial investigating the bioequivalence of different prednisolone formulations in children with airway disease. The included patients (6 months-11 years of age) are admitted to the Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine Nordsjællands University Hospital, Hillerød, with asthma or asthma-like symptoms. The primary objective is to assess the bioequivalence between different prednisolone formulations herein area under the concentration time curve, Cmax and Tmax using saliva samples. The secondary objectives are to evaluate tolerability (five-point face scale), adverse events and severity of the disease. If the patient has an intravenous access for other purposes, the saliva samples will be validated with plasma samples. A total of 66 evaluable patients are needed according to European Medicines Agency Guideline on bioequivalence. Ethics and dissemination: Traditional pharmacokinetic trials are burdensome due to the extent of blood samples necessary to capture the time-dependant drug profile. Saliva sampling is far more acceptable for paediatric patients. In addition, this trial adheres to standard dosing strategies. No additional venepunctures are performed, and no additional prednisolone doses are administered. Guidelines for paediatric bioequivalence trials are warranted

Youth and Adult Education in the Context of Student Movements: The Cases of Egypt, Puerto Rico, and Chile

Participants of the student movements in Egypt, Puerto Rico, and Chile present on their experiential learning in the context of the social movements that took place between 2005 and 2019